What are the features of natural conditions on the Kamchatka Peninsula? Mountains in Kamchatka Where are the mountains of Kamchatka located?
The Kamchatka Territory was formed on July 1, 2007 as a result of the merger of the Kamchatka Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug.
In the spring of 2011, Vladimir Ivanovich Ilyukhin took office as governor of the Kamchatka Territory.
Geographical location, climate
The Kamchatka Territory is located in the northeast of the country on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Karaginsky and Commander Islands.
In the north and northwest, the region borders with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Magadan Region, in the south with the Kuril Islands, in the east Kamchatka is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, in the northeast by the Bering Sea, and in the west by the waters of the Okhotsk Sea.
More than 1,000 Kamchatka volcanoes, including 29 active ones, make the peninsula a region of active volcanism.
The tops of the mountain ranges are covered with year-round glaciers and snowfields, giving rise to thousands of streams and rivers, into which the main natural wealth of Kamchatka - Pacific salmon - comes to spawn.
The Kamchatka waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean are among the most productive fishing zones of the World Ocean; natural reproduction of over 2 million fish is provided here.
tons of biological resources of the seas.
Climate
The climatic features of the peninsula are determined by the proximity of vast expanses of water, which influence seasonal temperature fluctuations and give the climate of the coastal areas of the peninsula a marine character.
Cold currents of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas reduce average annual air temperatures, which has a particularly unfavorable effect in the warm season.
The climate of the peninsula is oceanic, relatively mild, with a large amount of precipitation - up to 2000 mm/year (the height of the snow cover reaches 2.5 - 3.0 m), a long frost-free period - up to 140 days.
The average long-term air temperature in January is -16.4°C, in July +13°C.
In the southern part of the peninsula there are no severe frosts in winter and hot days in summer.
Summers here are cool with many foggy and rainy days.
As you move north and deeper into the peninsula, the climate becomes more continental, the influence of the large land areas of the Asian continent and the protection of the ridges from the influence of the seas are more pronounced. All these climatic factors significantly shorten the normal duration of summer for these latitudes and lengthen winter.
Therefore, most excursions to Kamchatka are organized in early summer, and only a few companies offer trips to the peninsula in winter.
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Another feature of the climate of Kamchatka, located in a zone of intense cyclonic activity, is strong winds.
Cyclones bring with them heavy rainfall. The largest number of them occur in the southern regions of the peninsula, where up to 1200 mm of precipitation falls per year.
Territory, population
The area of the region exceeds 464 thousand square meters. km (2.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation).
The permanent population is 345 thousand.
people (0.2% of the Russian population).
The number of indigenous peoples of the North is 15,475 people.
Population density - 0.7 people per 1 sq. km.
The Kamchatka Territory includes 68 municipalities: 3 urban districts, 11 municipal districts, 5 urban settlements, 49 rural settlements.
Natural resource potential
The large extent and special geographical location of Kamchatka determines the diversity of its natural conditions.
The southern and central parts of the peninsula contain the most significant and unique natural attractions available to lovers of tourist travel.
There are unique recreational resources for the development of tourism in Kamchatka. Mild snowy winters and snow-covered slopes of volcanoes even in summer make it possible to organize year-round ski tourism and build ski resorts.
Among the many ski resorts in Kamchatka, five have slopes whose characteristics meet the requirements of international standards.
A stable snow cover on the slopes forms in early November and persists until early May. From the end of May until the end of October, ski resorts operate on the slopes of the Avachinsky and Kozelsky volcanoes.
Thermal springs and natural parks are attractive to guests of the peninsula.
The Kamchatka Valley of Geysers was recognized in 2008 as one of the 7 wonders of Russia.
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Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the administrative and cultural center of the Kamchatka Territory, the oldest city in the Far East with a long history and heroic past - an outpost of Russia on the Pacific Ocean.
This is a port city and the “air gate” of Kamchatka, connecting the region with major cities of Russia.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky has the main concentration of hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, and historical monuments; the beginning of all roads leading deep into the peninsula; from here there is regular bus service with the largest settlements of Kamchatka.
The proximity to the city of the Paratunskaya resort area with hot springs, sanatoriums and the best recreation centers in Kamchatka, the picturesque Avacha Bay and the Avacha group of volcanoes have created the necessary conditions here for the development of Kamchatka tourism.
The most favorable time for summer travel in Kamchatka is from July 1 to September 20, for hiking in the highlands - from July 15 to the end of August.
Fishing industry
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The basis of the territory's economy is the fishing industry.
In the territorial structure of the Russian economy, the regional fishery complex produces 20% of aquatic biological resources and produces 16% of the country's commercial food and fish products.
Mining complex
In the Kamchatka Territory, 12 deposits of thermal and thermal energy waters have been explored, 10 deposits and 22 promising areas of indigenous gold have been identified and studied to varying degrees.
There are residual reserves of alluvial platinum, and the occurrence of primary platinum ore with predicted resources of 30 tons is being studied.
Kamchatka is one of the largest nickel-bearing provinces, in terms of the scale of mineralization it ranks 3-4 in the world among ore deposits of this class.
The predicted land resources of the Kamchatka Peninsula in terms of hydrocarbon potential are estimated at 150 million.
tons of oil and about 800 billion cubic meters of gas.
The start of oil production in pilot production mode is planned for 2013. A gas pipeline to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, with a length of 387 km, is under construction.
The region is provided with all types of building materials, with the exception of raw materials for cement production. More than 50 deposits have been explored in the Kamchatka Territory for the production of building materials.
Agriculture
70.2 thousand people live in the rural areas of the region, or 20.3% of the total population of the Kamchatka Territory. The average annual number of people employed in agricultural production, excluding citizens running private households, is 7.2 thousand.
The agricultural production sectors form five main food markets, among which the markets for eggs, potatoes and vegetables can fully meet the needs of the Kamchatka Territory with products of their own production.
The markets for dairy and meat products, due to technological reasons, are provided with products of their own production by 34.2% and 11.4%, respectively.
The volume of the dairy products market in the Kamchatka Territory is about 47 thousand tons, of which locally produced products account for 34%.
The number of reindeer is about 40 thousand heads.
Standards of living
Since 2002, there has been a steady trend of increasing living standards of the population.
What are the features of natural conditions on the Kamchatka Peninsula?
Average per capita cash income more than doubled over six years, from 5,915.6 rubles in 2002 to 15,553.4 rubles in 2007. The poverty level indicator, characterized by the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level, has decreased.
The share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level in 2002 was 34.3%, in 2007 - 22.8% of the total population.
The government of the Kamchatka Territory has identified a set of investment projects, the implementation of which will contribute to the socio-economic development of Kamchatka, ensure proper growth in the well-being of the population, stabilize the demographic situation and create conditions for the development of the region.
Projects are focused not only on the needs of the domestic market, but also on the development of interregional and international cooperation.
Among the projects already being implemented is the construction of a cascade of small hydroelectric power stations on the river. Tolmacheva, construction of two sections of the Milkovo - Klyuchi - Ust-Kamchatsk highway.
The implementation of the assigned tasks will contribute to improving indicators of socio-economic development and raising the standard of living of the population of the Kamchatka Territory.
Materials used from the official website of the Government of the Kamchatka Territory
Mountains and ranges of Kamchatka
A mountain range is an elongated elevation of terrain with pronounced slopes that intersect in its upper region.
Kamchatka Mountains
The highest points form a line that extends in the longitudinal direction and is called the ridge. This ridge divides the ridge into 2 slopes and serves as a kind of watershed. A center line is drawn along the ridge, which is displayed on orographic maps.
The shape, length and height of the ridges depend on the time of their origin, historical development, as well as on the rocks that make up them. According to the shape of the axial line, they are divided into straight and slightly curved.
The largest of the mountain ranges have spurs, so-called branches, expressed in the form of small ridges.
Collectively, all the massifs make up a mountain system, and the places where they meet are called the Mountain Knot. Buildings that are located next to each other create a mountain range.
Kamchatka Ranges
The largest massifs of the Kamchatka Territory include Valaginsky, Ganalsky, Vostochny, Vachkazhets, Kumroch, as well as the Penzhinsky and Sredinny ridges.
The Ganal Range is a mountain range that rises sharply above the surrounding area with steep tectonic faults on its slopes, characterized by a rugged ridge, and formed as a result of the rapid movement of tectonic plates.
The vegetation of this area is similar to the Alpine, and the fauna is inhabited by mountain sheep and gophers.
The length of the Valaginsky ridge reaches 150 km, and the maximum height is Mount Kudryash (1794 m).
The rocks that make up the massif are slate, granite and volcanic lava. This mountain formation has steep slopes that are covered with Kamchatka birch forests. The Valaginsky, or rather the northeastern slope of Mount Skalistaya (2016 m), gives rise to the 100-kilometer Kavycha River.
The eastern ridge in Kamchatka is called an entire mountain system, which consists of several separate buildings.
The slopes of the Eastern Range are very steep on the western side and gentle on the eastern side. Its southern part is occupied by the Ganalskie Vostryaki, the middle part is occupied by the Valaginsky ridge, and in the northeast is the Kumroch ridge.
The total length reaches 600 km, and the width is 120 km. The highest point is the Kizimen volcano with a height of 2485 m.
Vachkazhets is a whole mountain range located in the southern part of the peninsula. The highest point is the mountain of the same name, 1556 m high. Mount Vachkazhets belongs to an ancient volcano, which a very long time ago was divided into three parts by a strong eruption: Mount Letnyaya Poperechnaya with a height of 1417 m, Mount Vachkazhtsy - 1500 m and the Vachkazhets volcano.
Within the first of them, two large cirques of volcanic origin have been preserved to this day, serving as a reminder of what was once a single volcano. The base camp is located here, and the area itself is conducive to trekking, bird watching and admiring vegetation.
The length of the Kumroch mountain range is approximately 220 km, and the highest point is the Shish volcano, 2346 m high.
The eastern side of the building is cut through the valley of the Kamchatka River.
The Penzhinsky massif is located in the Koryak Highlands. On the one hand, it is protected by the Parapolsky Valley, on the other by the valley of the Penzhina River. The length of the ridge is approximately 420 km.
The Sredinny Range is the main mountain range on the peninsula. It stretches across the entire Kamchatka, and its length reaches 1200 km. It contains many volcanoes and simply volcanic buildings.
There are also lava plateaus and individual massifs covered with glaciers. In the Sredinny Range, Malkinsky, Bystrinsky and Kozyrevsky can be separately distinguished. The highest point is the Ichinsky volcano, 3621 m high. Many rivers flow down from the slopes, and the lower part is covered with forests of dwarf dwarf and stone birch.
The Middle Belt includes 28 passes and 11 mountain peaks. The ridge itself is asymmetrical. Its western part descends into the Western Kamchatka Lowland, and the eastern part ends very abruptly towards the Central Kamchatka Lowland.
I would especially like to mention such mountains as Mount Camel, Goryachaya, Polennitsa, and Mishennaya Sopka.
Mount Camel is recognized as a natural monument and is located on the territory of Nalychevo Park.
The mountain was named because it has two peaks. The approximate age of the mountain is 10,000 years. She also annually participates in the “Volcano Day in Kamchatka” holiday.
Mount Goryachaya is noted for its location between the Paratunka River and the Karamshina River. The mountain is of igneous origin. Due to its close location to thermal areas, the vegetation on its territory is constantly changing.
Mount Polennitsa is officially included in the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List in the “Volcanoes of Kamchatka” category.
Mishennaya Sopka is one of the remarkable mountains of Kamchatka, because...
Thanks to its location, the peak itself offers picturesque views of the Avachu and Koryaksky volcanoes, as well as the entire Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
The mountains will meet you as you approach the Kamchatka Peninsula and will surround you wherever you go.
Choose our tours and enjoy the view.
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About Kamchatka
In the Soviet Union, Kamchatka was completely closed to both Russians and foreigners.
Up and reefs
Since it was a national treasure, it was closed primarily for government security and partly to preserve its natural beauty. Thanks to this, Kamchatka remains untouched and is waiting for you to discover it yourself.
geography
The Kamchatka Peninsula is closer to Alaska than Moscow (9 time zones from Moscow).
Lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, it is a lonely, remote region of Russia. The length from north to south is about 1,500 km, the area is 470 thousand square meters. km.
In the central part of Kamchatka there are two mountain ranges - the middle and eastern hills.
Among them is the central Kamchatka Valley. One of the unexplored places on Earth, Kamchatka is known as the “land of fire and ice” due to its 414 glaciers and 160 volcanoes, of which 29 are active. Compressed magma still comes from volcanoes, and excursions of lush greenery alternate with huge volcanic ash and cinders.
The geysers and molten sulfur that continually shoot through the continuous pairs of volcanic cones create an unrealistic, moon-like image. The Kamchatka rivers are home to one of the world's largest salmon populations.
History of the region
Local residents (Itelmen, Chetny, Koryak, Aleut, Chukotka) were the first settlers on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The study of eastern countries with Russians began in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Russian goats were only 60 years old to explore the Urals and Siberia in the Pacific Ocean. F. Popov and S. Dezhnev were the first people who went on ships around the Chukchi peninsula and opened the strait between Asia and America. The study of the Far East continued by V. Atlasov. He contributed to the connection between Kamchatka and the Russian Empire. With the passage of 65 Cossacks and 60 Yukaghirs, he arrived first in Kamchatka.
Russian King Peter the Great signed a decree on preparing the first expedition across Siberia to Okhotsk and Kamchatka. There were three expeditions in total that helped explore the Pacific Ocean and Kamchatka.
In 1740, two ships, “St. Peter” and “St. Paul,” under the leadership of V. Bering and A. Chirikov, arrived in Avachinsky Bay and a small town was created, called Petropavlovsk in honor of the two saints Peter and Paul. To settle the new countries, the Russian government forced them to move to Kamchatka.
Among the researchers here are Charles Clarke, James Cook, and La Perouse.
In 1854, Petropavlovsk was invaded by the Anglo-French squadron.
Although the defenders were sparse, numbering about 1,000, their courage and vengeance led to victory. During and after World War II, Kamchatka developed as a militarized region. The submarines that are here are on border patrol. This is one of the reasons why Kamchatka was closed for so long to both foreigners and Russians.
Only in 1990 it was possible to visit the Kamchatka region. Today Petropavlovsk is a modern city with 250 thousand inhabitants.
The climate of the Kamchatka Peninsula is very unusual and depends on the influence of the oceans and seas surrounding its coastline, monsoons and covers the territory from north to south.
During your trip, you will be able to experience many climate zones, including the seashore on the coast, the continental center and the Arctic zone in the north of the peninsula.
Summer here is a time of rapid growth and flowering as plants and animals rush to complete their annual activity before the onset of winter. Summer days are long. During summer rains there may be rain and snow on the ground, especially in the mountains.
| January | February | march | April | Maybe | June | July | August | saint | October | new | December | |
| Temperature in Petropavlovsk (°C) | -4.5 / -8,4 |
-5 / -11 | -2 / -10 | -5 / + 1 | +2 / + 8 | +6 / +15 |
+10 / +20 |
+12 / +20 |
+8 / +15 |
+7 / -0 | -4 / -0 | -4 / -9 |
| Average temperature in Milkovo (°C) | -21,4 | -18,3 | -12,5 | -2,8. | 5 | 11,3 | 22,1 | 23,6 | 12,6 | 0.2 | -10.8 | -18,6 |
| Precipitation (mm per month) in Petropavlovsk | — | — | — | 42 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 84 | 80 | 120 | 70 | — |
| snow | 100 | 67 | 140 | 40 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — | 70 | 96 |
| Sunglasses/sunglasses | 09: 00- 19:00 |
08: 00- 19:00 |
07: 00- 19:30 |
07: 00- 20:30 |
07: 00- 22:00 |
06: 30- 23:30 |
06: 00- 22:00 |
06: 00- 22:00 |
07: 00- 21:00 |
07: 30- 20:00 |
08: 00- 18:00 |
09: 00- 18:00 |
Flora and fauna
The local flora is characterized by tall grass (up to 3-3.5 m) and a vertical arrangement of plant areas.
From the mountain base to its peaks there are changes in vegetation. Stone birch, ash, cedar stems, alder, and poplar grow at the foot of the mountain. Large areas of the coast are occupied by dog rose. Here you will find a lot of delicious and healthy strawberries such as fakes, flowers, blueberries, cranberries and others.
The flora includes 60 species of mammals and 170 species of birds. Animals on the peninsula differ from animals on the continents in their large size.
For example, the brown bear (weighing about 700-1000 kg, length 2.5-3 m) lives throughout the peninsula. Other representatives of the local fauna are sables, rabbits, rogues, polar foxes, wolves, marmots, and muskrats. The Canadian drummer and the coon were brought to the peninsula for acclimatization. Lynx and squirrels moved to Kamchatka from the north at the beginning of the last century. Wildlife also features animals such as the American Hornbill, with horns extending up to 5 meters, bighorn sheep, which live only in the mountains and never go below 600 meters.
In Kamchatka they contain a large number of different birds: swan, stalked sea eagle, eagle, bleacher, tundra partridge, moth, cormorant, scorpion, duck, gull, geese and others.
population
Most of Kamchatka's population lives in the coastal areas of the peninsula.
Itelmens, Evens, Koryaks, Chukchis, Aleuts are the autochthonous inhabitants of Kamchatka.
The Ilemians live on the western coast of the peninsula, as the oldest inhabitants of Kamchatka.
There are 1,450 people who follow the traditional way of life and speak their own language. Most of them are concentrated in the Tigil region and the village of Kovran. They mainly engage in hunting, salmon fishing, and plant gathering. In winter they use dog sleds as their traditional means of transport.
There are about 9,000 people on the peninsula who were born due to the marriage of Russians and Icelanders, but do not have official status as natives.
They live in the Kamchatka Valley and in the south of the peninsula (the cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yelizovo).
Koryaks(7200 people) mainly live in the north-west (Koryak Autonomous Okrug) - the village of Palana. Koryaks are divided into nomadic and sessile. The main group of nomadic nomads is reindeer herder. Fishing and hunting marine mammals are the main occupation of the sitting Koryak people. Both nomads and settled Koryaks mature with fur.
Evens(1490) lives in the Bystrinsky region - the settlements of Esso, Anavgai, "Lamuts" (another name for citizenship) are engaged in breeding deer, hunting and hunting.
Dogs are not used in the belt, only for hunting.
Aleuts(390 people) lives on Bering Island, Nikolskoye village, the traditional group of these people is fishing, hunting marine mammals, picking strawberries and plants.
Chukchi(1530 people), despite the fact that the autochthonous inhabitants of Chukotka partially inhabited the northern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
They are divided into nomadic-reindeer alders and hunters at headquarters.
Kamchatka Krai located in northeast Russia. It covers the area of the Kamchatka Peninsula, part of the land north of the peninsula, as well as the Karaginsky and Commander Islands (Bering and Medny).
From the west it was washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, and from the east by the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its Bering Sea.
The territory of the Kamchatka Territory is 472.3 thousand square kilometers. Kamchatka Territory is part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
equity Kamchatka Territory is the site of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky military holiday.
There are two more cities in the province: Elizovo and Vilyuchinsk, the remaining settlements are villages and towns.
The population of the Kamchatka region, according to Federal State Statistics for 2013, is 320.5 thousand people. The main population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - about 180 thousand people (as of 2010).
The Kamchatka region was founded on July 1, 2007 in connection with the merger of Kamchatka and the Koryak Autonomous Region.
Kamchatka Territory consists of 11 municipal districts.
These are Aleutsky, Bystrinsky, Yelizovo, Milkovsky, Sobolevsky, Ust-Bolsheretsky, Ust-Kamchatsky and the Koryak districts: Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigilsky.
Freight transport communication Kamchatka region with the continent - air and sea. There are no land roads between Kamchatka and the continent.
Passenger traffic with the mainland is carried out only by air; sea transport of passengers, previously carried out by ship from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Vladivostok, is now (as of 2015) absent.
The main airport of Kamchatka is Yelizovo (20 km from the entrance to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky).
Therefore, passenger liners depart to the west - to Russia and to the east - to Alaska.
length The Kamchatka Territory from south to north is 1200 kilometers. Local transport is carried out by sea (along the eastern and western coasts of Kamchatka and the Commander Islands - in the Aleut region), as well as by road from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the regions of Southern and Central Kamchatka.
The northernmost regions of the region do not have a land road. There is air transport between Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and large villages in the region. Kamchatka is not a railway.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky- a city without a metro, trolley, tram, funicular.
The main city bus is the bus. Of course, there are taxis, and there are buses (locally called “mikriks”). Lots of personal vehicles. They consider Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky the second largest automaker in Russia.
The buildings in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky are mostly low: five-story, because there is an earthquake zone here.
But in recent years, houses have been built on the 12th and 16th floors, which are designed to withstand a possible earthquake of 10 points. I often shook here.
Regular shots are 3 points, but also 4 points and higher. The strongest last earthquake in November 1971 was felt in various buildings of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky as 7-9 points.
(The footage was then in other parts of Kamchatka, especially shaking in Ust-Kamchatsk).
The capital of Kamchatka is located in the hills, along the coast of the picturesque Avacha Bay (here the longer word is “bay”), overlooking 9 volcanoes.
These are Avachinsky (or simply Avacha), Koryaksky, Kozelsky (the listed volcanoes are “home” here), Aag, Arik and Vilyuchinsky, Gorely, Mutnovsky, located on the opposite side of Avachinsky Bay.
Koryak and Avachinsky volcanoes are active. From Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Elizovo - 2-3 km. Over the years, townspeople have observed outbreaks of Koryak and Avachinsky.
Truly, they are not strong, they did not threaten the cities, but they struck. Avacha feels herself every day. However, against its crater “it does not surpass human ways,” and even every year in August there is a huge rise of everything to come. Participate in the growth of hundreds of people, from little ones on the shoulders of their parents to people of honorable age.
Kamchatka- a rich country.
Marine resources in the region are of global importance (fish, including salmon, coming to the rivers of the peninsula, seafood, including crabs). There are huge rookeries of marine mammals (sea lions, sea otters, moor, seals). At the depths of various minerals (platinum, gold, mercury, nickel, gas, oil, drinking water, coal, etc.) they lie. In central Kamchatka there are forests rich in forest and fur animals.
Russian and foreign tourists are attracted by exotic Kamchatka.
This is the unique beauty of the landscapes; carrying hunting (Kamchatka brown bear is the largest bear in the world); rafting on board along fast mountain rivers and fishing; the rise of volcanoes and observation of the outbreak of any, and sometimes two or three of the 30 active Kamchatka volcanoes; ice skating in the summer on skis and snowboards from the snowy slopes in the mountains; bathing in healing thermal mineral springs; Active birds of the colony, hatcheries of marine animals are the Uzon Caldera and the beautiful valley geysers - one of the seven wonders of Russia, as well as the opportunity to get acquainted with the interesting ancient culture of the indigenous people in the north - Koryak, Itelmen Evens - to explore national villages and camps.
Recreation Resources Kamchatka is protected.
More than 14% of the territory of the Kamchatka Territory has been preserved. These are natural reserves of national, regional and local significance, sanctuaries, natural monuments, and natural parks.
Kamchatka, this unique corner of the planet, with its untouched nature, protects something. Many plants, fungi found on Kamchatka animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia and Kamchatka in two volumes of the Red Book (Volume 1: Red Books of Kamchatka, Volume 2: Red Book of Kamchatka plants, fungi, thermophilic microorganisms).
Kamchatka is known not only for its natural resources, beautiful landscape and those that affect the average person by natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, water seizures and steam geysers, salmon rune.
Kamchatka is known for its history.
Was anyone surprised that Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, this remote city from central Russia, received the title "Place of Military Glory" in 2011?
In general, this city gained its fame for more than a century, when the whole world was surprised and impressed by the feat of Kamchatka and some of the military crew of Petropavlovsk.
All newspapers began to talk about the only victory of Russia in the Crimean War in 1853-1856 - about the victory of the defenders of the city and the real defenders of the Fatherland. They did not surrender to the Russian city of the Anglo-French squadron, which in August 1854 entered Avacha Bay and tried to land.
Six ships of the enemy squadron left Kamchatka in disgrace: Russian weapons of the Russian spirit were stronger than many pistol invaders. Courageously, selflessly defending the city, they called it - bribing Petropavlovsk and forever imprinting in the history of Russian victories over those hiding on Russian soil, as well as this pearl of Russia, like Kamchatka.
Half a century after the defense of Peter and Paul in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The Kamchatka police defended their land in battle and did not allow them to capture other intruders - the Japanese.
And forty years later, in August 1945, the sailors and soldiers of Kamchatka fought for the liberation of the Japanese militarists of the neighboring islands - and Shumshu Paramushiro (the northernmost of the Kuril Islands).
A military operation called the Kuril Landing was carried out by forces from the Kamchatka region, mobilizing thousands of people mobilized throughout the Kamchatka region. The victory of Russian soldiers in the Kuril Islands decided the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War: on September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. And the Second World War ended.
In the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the cities of Kamchatka, there are many historical monuments for the glory of Russian weapons.
Kamchatka fought and always won!
Kamchatka may be far from Moscow. Make it fringe. Let its economic development, improvement of settlements and comfort of people in life lag behind other regions. This is the fate of the periphery. But everyone knows about Kamchatka.
Ask someone: “What is Kamchatka?”
And you will receive the answer: “This is the highest volcano in Klyuchevskoye in Eurasia,” or: “This is the Valley of Geysers,”
or: “This is red caviar,” or: “This is the researcher Vladimir Atlasov, the scientist Stepan Krasheninnikov, the military governor Vasily Zavoiko,” Or maybe also: “This is the last table in the class,”
Well, even if this is the answer. But the answer! Because everyone knows about Kamchatka.
This information has been summarized on the local history website "Kamchatka Krai"
Ostroumov A. G. What is the actual area of the peninsula (notes of a local historian)
It would seem that such a ridiculous question is inconvenient to ask.
The area of our peninsula has probably been measured and remeasured more than once; of course, it is well known. It is enough to open any reference book, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or one of the books containing a physical and geographical description of Kamchatka to obtain the necessary information.
Well, let's look through some of the books. Already the first of them give unexpected surprises. It turns out that finding the answer to this question is more difficult than it seemed at first. Gradually, surprise gave way to bewilderment.
How so?
In the famous book about Kamchatka by E. L. Lyubimova, published in 1961, we find that the area of the peninsula is 350 thousand square kilometers.
She notes that the northern border of the peninsula should be drawn along the line of Rekinniki Bay - Anapka Bay.
G. F. Starikov and P. N. Dyakonov in their book about the forests of the peninsula (1954) write that the northern geographical border of Kamchatka is considered to be a conventional line running from Rekinninskaya Bay, on the west coast, to the south along the Rekinniki River and then along the Alkhovayam River , flowing into Anapka Bay, on the east coast.
They give latitude and longitude, but there is no size of the peninsula's area in their book.
In the collection "Kamchatka Region" and in the book by N. N. Ermakov "Geography of the Kamchatka Region", published in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1966 and 1974, there is no information about the area of our peninsula.
The article “Storm is rocking Kamchatka” (Izvestia newspaper No. 45 of February 22, 1980) states that the area of the peninsula is 350 thousand square kilometers.
But not everyone thinks so. These were, if you like, maximalists. However, along with them, there are also minimalists.
In the well-known reference book on the surface water resources of Kamchatka (1966), they insist that at the northern border of the peninsula, drawn from the mouth of the Rekinniki River to the mouth of the Vyvenka River, its area does not exceed 250 thousand square kilometers.
It is enough to look at the map to understand that the discrepancy of 100 thousand square kilometers is difficult to explain.
Let's take a look at the major work "Geology of the USSR", published in 1964.
In the section “Physical and Geographical Description,” B.V. Styrikovich indicates that the northern border of the peninsula can be considered a line running from Rekinninskaya Bay along the Rekinniki River and further along the Anapka River, which flows into Uala Bay. Within these limits, the area of the Kamchatka Peninsula is about 270 thousand square kilometers.
The location of the northern border of the peninsula varies among different authors, but is relatively insignificant.
The resulting “surplus” of territory cannot in any way be estimated at an area of 80–100 thousand square kilometers. In fact, it is many times smaller.
But let’s not despair and turn to the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
From the article by S. L. Kushev and V. I. Tikhonov (volume 2, 1973) we learn that the area of the peninsula is 370 thousand square kilometers.
Where is the truth?
In the book by I.S.
Gurevich and K.G. Kuzakov “Koryak National District” (1960) and some others provide information about the areas of individual administrative districts of the Kamchatka region. Thus, the total area of the Olyutorsky and Penzhinsky districts, located mainly outside the peninsula, is about 200 thousand square kilometers. And the area of the entire Kamchatka region, as you know, is 472.3 thousand square kilometers.
Simple arithmetic operations lead us to the conclusion that the area of the peninsula is close to 270 thousand square kilometers.
However, let us be distrustful and resort to a well-known specialist, quite simple and accurate, weight method for determining areas using analytical balances.
For greater reliability, we will perform our manipulations, as expected, several times. It turns out that within the boundaries indicated by B.V. Styrikovich, the area of the Kamchatka Peninsula is really about 270 thousand square kilometers.
Consequently, the area of the peninsula occupies 57 percent of the territory of the Kamchatka region.
Published based on the book
"Across Kamchatka - from Cape Lopatka to the Khatyrka River
(notes of a naturalist, local historian, letnab)"
(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 1997).
Kamchatka is a mountainous country. Over three-quarters of its territory is occupied by mountains. Large lowlands are found only in the very north, in the west and in the neutral part of the peninsula. In all other places, lowlands are developed in the form of narrow strips confined to river valleys.
The relief of Kamchatka was formed relatively recently, at the very end of the Cenozoic era. Before this, on the site of the modern peninsula there was a sea, above the surface of which some parts of the modern ridges - the Middle and Eastern - rose in the form of separate islands.
At the beginning of the Quaternary period (the Quaternary period is the last million years of the geological history of the Earth), intense mountain-building movements began within the territory occupied by present-day Kamchatka. At the same time, individual sections behaved differently. Some rose faster and higher - mountains grew; others grew relatively slowly or even sank - lowlands appeared.
Flowing waters, wind and other processes gradually destroyed the raised areas of the earth's crust. And the greater the uplifts, the stronger the erosion processes. In the process of formation of the region's relief, the role of rivers, which cut deep valleys through the entire territory of the peninsula, is extremely important. Especially deep valleys are confined to high mountain ranges.
Mountain-building movements continue today. They are evidenced by areas of sea terraces raised several hundred meters - sections of the former seabed that emerged from under the surface of the water. They are currently widespread on the western and eastern coasts of Kamchatka. The ongoing intense mountain-building movements are indicated by frequent earthquakes occurring in many areas of the peninsula, as well as volcanic activity.
The areas that are currently rising or rising in the recent past are characterized by very deep canyon-like river valleys with a large number of rapids and waterfalls, and steep, in some places almost vertical, mountain slopes.
The sinking areas are dominated by wide swampy lowlands. Rivers and streams, falling within the boundaries of such lowlands, are divided into separate branches and do not have clearly defined channels. If the subsidence occurs near the seashore, then such an area is often flooded by the sea.
Repeatedly over the past several hundred thousand years, the mountains and lowlands of the Kamchatka Peninsula have been covered with powerful glaciers. The traces of the last of these glaciations, which ended here 10-12 thousand years ago, are especially clearly visible. The glaciers began high in the mountains and stretched along river valleys for tens of kilometers. The largest of them entered the lowlands. They widened and deepened the valleys they passed through. In the upper reaches of the valleys, in the places where they began, sharp peaks and jagged mountain ridges arose. Glaciers carried away a huge amount of rock fragments. Most of the debris was deposited at their ends. Subsequently, a very unique hilly topography with a large number of small lakes of various shapes formed in these places.
Similar terrain with lakes is very common in the region: large areas of it are found on the watershed of the Kamchatka and Bystraya rivers, in the valleys of tributaries of the Avachi rivers and in many others. These places, covered with sun-drenched birch forests with numerous picturesque lakes filled with clean, clear water, are very beautiful.
Earthquakes and volcanic activity play a significant role in transforming the relief of the peninsula. The strongest earthquakes, up to 8 points, were recorded on the east coast, weaker ones, up to 6-7 points, in the central part and the weakest, up to 5 points, on the west coast of the region. During earthquakes, numerous rock falls and landslides occur, and deep cracks are formed that cut through the surface of the earth. Earthquakes, the epicenters of which are located at sea, often generate tsunamis, causing significant destruction in the coastal strip of the Kuril Islands and on the eastern coast of Kamchatka.
Volcanic products make up hundreds of large extinct and active volcanoes, thousands of smaller forms - lava and cinder cones. Lava flows of various ages cover more than a third of the peninsula's territory. There are especially many volcanoes in the southern and eastern parts, as well as in the Sredinny Range. The most ancient volcanoes are so badly destroyed that they can only be identified by the rocks that make them up. The younger ones are much better preserved and have a typical cone shape. Active volcanoes have a particularly fresh appearance. These include the highest volcano on the Asian continent - Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), as well as Koryakskaya, Avachinskaya and many others.
The shores of Kamchatka are constantly exposed to sea waves and currents. Sea waves erode the protruding parts of the shores, forming very steep ledges. In these places, as a rule, you can see a lot of rocks, on which the waves crash with a roar. Material from coastal destruction is carried out to sea by currents or deposited in bays and bays, forming beaches and spits.
The largest mountain structures of the peninsula, composed mainly of ancient rocks, are the Sredinny and Eastern ranges.
The median ridge, elongated in a northeast direction, stretches across the entire Kamchatka from the Plotnikova River in the south to the northern tip of the peninsula. Its highest point is Ichinsky volcano, 3621 m.
The relief of the Sredinny Range is exceptionally diverse. In some places the mountains are very dissected, have sharp ridges and peaks with steep, sometimes sheer walls. The highest parts of the ridge, processed by ancient glaciers, have this relief. Less high areas are distinguished by a calmer relief: less dissected mountains with flattened watersheds predominate here. Volcanoes and highly elevated, table-like platforms composed of lavas are widespread in this area.
The eastern ridge is less significant. In the south, it begins at approximately the same latitude as Sredinny and extends north to the Ozerny Peninsula (on the east coast). It consists of a whole series of smaller ridges that have their own names. In the south, this is the Ganalsky ridge, which in general is the highest and most strongly dissected mountain unit of the peninsula: almost along its entire length, the watershed zone has a height of about 2000 m and higher, and the depth of the valleys cutting through it reaches 1900-1500 m. The bottoms of the valleys are narrow, littered with huge stones and boulders, they are almost entirely occupied by rapidly rushing mountain streams.
The Ganalsky ridge is one of the most beautiful and difficult to access mountain regions of Kamchatka, even for climbers: the passes are impassable, there are almost no trails. The watershed, devoid of any vegetation, rocky or covered with rubble and boulders, resembles a jagged saw.
Further to the north is the Valaginsky ridge. It is lower than Ganalsky, but its relief is just as strongly dissected. Even further north is the Tumrok ridge. Unlike the previous two, there are many old destroyed volcanoes within its borders.
The northern end of the Eastern Range is called the Kumroch Range. This is its lowest part: most of the peaks here barely reach 1000 m. However, in the southern part there is the highest point of the Eastern Range - the ancient, long-extinct volcano Shish (2346 m).
Mountains composed of ancient rocks dominate the eastern edge of the peninsula. But here they do not stretch in a continuous chain, as in the Sredinny and Eastern ridges, but are located on peninsulas protruding far into the sea - Shipunsky, Kronotsky, Kamchatsky and others. The bays jut deep into the mountain ranges, very picturesque, narrow, straight, with steep walls. They are called fjords. During ancient glaciations, powerful tongues of glaciers descended into the sea along these valleys.
The shores of the eastern peninsulas, facing the sea, are very steep, sometimes almost vertical. Many rivers flowing into the sea often end in beautiful waterfalls in these areas.
The Koryak Highland is the last large mountain range composed of ancient rocks, which is located in the very north of the region. It almost everywhere has a calmer topography. Heights range from 1000 to 1800 m. Strongly dissected mountains with jagged ridges and steep slopes are developed only in some of the highest areas.
In addition to mountains composed of ancient rocks, Kamchatka has very extensive young areas of volcanic origin. They occupy a particularly large area in the south of the peninsula and in its eastern part. A strip of such mountains in the east of the peninsula begins from the famous Avacha group of volcanoes and reaches the upper reaches of the Storozh River, which flows into the Kamchatka Gulf of the Pacific Ocean. All the mountains in the named areas are extinct or active volcanoes, and the flat areas at the foot of the mountains represent lava flows merging with each other. Lava flows erupting from volcanoes often dam rivers and streams. In these places, lakes appear above such dams. The largest of them is Kronotskoye.
The most extensive lowland in the region is Western Kamchatka, stretching along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Its surface is gently inclined towards the sea. Only the southern half of this plain, approximately up to the Krutogorovaya River, can be called a real lowland. The most common areas here are vast, flat swampy areas, above which rise low hills with gentle slopes, covered with birch forest, alder and cedar elfin trees. The severe swampiness of the Western Kamchatka Lowland creates great difficulties for the construction of roads. The rivers in this area have wide but shallow valleys.
The surface of the northern half of the Western Kamchatka Plain is higher and more dissected. Uplands with flat or round watersheds predominate here. Sometimes small mountain ranges up to 800-900 m high rise above the surface of the lowland. In this area, the plain is dissected by a large number of deep rivers. The largest of them are Tigil and Khairyuzova.
The Central Kamchatka Lowland is located in the very middle of the peninsula. It is filled with accumulative (alluvial) deposits and has the shape of a triangle, which expands to the northeast. The top of the triangle is located slightly south of the village of Malki, the base is on the shore of the Uka Gulf of the Bering Sea. The central lowland in the west is limited by the foot of the Sredinny Range, and in the east it extends to the East. The largest river of the peninsula, the Kamchatka, flows over a long distance through the Central Lowland. In the south, the width of the lowland does not exceed several kilometers, in the north it reaches 70-80 kilometers.
Almost the entire area of the lowland is dominated by flat terrain. Only sometimes small hills rise above the surface, dissected by many narrow deep ravines and gullies. Such hills exist near the villages of Milkovo, Kirganik and some others.
In the widest part of the lowland, closer to its eastern edge, there is the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes, uniting 13 very large hills, three of which - Klyuchevskaya, Bezymyannaya and Plosky Tolbachik - are active.
Two very large lowlands are located in the very north of the region. This is the Parapolsky valley and the lowland along the Penzhina River valley. The Parapol valley is a vast lowland stretching in a north-easterly direction from the area of the village of Novye Rekinniki to the upper reaches of the Belaya River, the left tributary of the Penzhina. The southern part of the Parapolsky valley is composed of loose sedimentary deposits and is a flat, completely treeless plain, covered with huge swamps and tundras, with a large number of lakes, dissected by a network of wide river valleys. The nature of the relief in the northern lowlands resembles the southern part of Western Kamchatka. They are still poorly researched.
The nature of the relief is of great importance for the life and activities of the population of the region. The most populated parts are the plains. They are more convenient for agriculture, for the construction of settlements, the construction of industrial enterprises and the construction of roads. Mineral deposits are often associated with mountainous areas.
I. V. Melekestsev. Relief
Published from the collection "Kamchatka Region.
Articles and essays on geography" (P-K, 1966).
In the north it adjoins the Gizhiginsky district of the same region. Length 1200 km, width up to 450 km, area 370 thousand km2. It is connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The western coast is slightly indented, the Western Kamchatka Lowland stretches along it, the eastern coast is winding. The Sredinny Ridge (up to 3621 m) stretches along the axis of the peninsula, and the Vostochny Ridge (up to 2485 m) along the eastern coast. Between them is the Central Kamchatka Lowland. There are more than 160 in Kamchatka, of which 28 are active. There are many mud volcanoes, boiling thermal springs. The Valley of Geysers is widely known.
The mountains of Kamchatka are volcanic in nature, which is expressed in the existence of active and extinct volcanoes and hot springs. Active volcanoes are located on the eastern side of the peninsula. The highest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka. This is the highest active volcano not only in Kamchatka, but throughout (4750 meters above sea level). Its diameter is 15 km. Smoke constantly rises above the main crater. Over 270 years of observations, more than 50 strong ones are known.
There are also several dozen of the largest hot keys. They predominate in the mountains of Kamchatka. Mainly basalts and trachytes overlying tertiary deposits. The southern part of the ridge is dominated by porphyries, granites, syenites and shales. Tertiary deposits in the form of clays and sandstones, formed before the uplift of basalts, belong for the most part to the Eocene system. The sandstones contain fossils of freshwater marine mollusks, as well as layers with tree trunks, leaf imprints and amber. Deluvial and alluvial deposits in the form of clays, sand, and peat bogs are found on the western coast of Kamchatka from 56° to the south and in the Kamchatka valley.
The most fertile is located in the Kamchatka River valley. Here, in addition to loam and sandy loam, from 1 to 4 inches in thickness is found. The position of the Kamchatka mountains determines the direction of its rivers. Most of them originate from the central ridge and flow either west into the Sea of Okhotsk, or east into. Due to such a transverse (across the width of the peninsula) direction of the rivers, although they are numerous, they are insignificant in length.
There is only one river, the Kamchatka, flowing between the central and Eastern ridges and along the peninsula from south to north (its length is about 760 km). The catchment area is 55.9 thousand km2, the average water flow at the mouth is about 960 m2/s. The share exceeds 60%. from late November to late April - early May. Where the hot springs flow, the river does not freeze in winter. In the upper reaches of Kamchatka it is a typical mountain river; in the middle part, within the Central Kamchatka Lowland, at the exit from it it cuts through the spurs of Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a narrow valley; in the mouth area it is a wide-floodplain and multi-branch river.
The largest lakes are Nerpichye (area about 540 square kilometers) and Kronotskoye (area about 200 square kilometers). It lies in a basin surrounded by high mountains. Nerpichye Lake is located near the mouth of the Kamchatka River, with which the lake is connected by a channel.
Kamchatka is significantly influenced by the seas washing it. Ice floats until the end of June, the center of which is located in the northern part of the sea. Along the eastern coast of Kamchatka from northeast to southwest it is directed from. For these reasons, summers in Kamchatka are cold, but winters, however, are not too harsh. For example, in Petropavlovsk the thermometer very rarely drops below -25° C; Only on the Okhotsk coast of the peninsula is it quite cold in winter.
Kamchatka. Ichinsky volcano
The climate inside Kamchatka is more favorable in river valleys, protected from the sea. The peculiarity of the climate of Kamchatka is expressed in its abundance. In summer, dense weather dominates the coast, so the number of clear days at this time of year is very small. In winter, deep snow falls on the eastern coast; on the western coast there is much less snow. Thanks to the abundance of moisture, the vegetation of Kamchatka is lush and juicy. Only the northern part of the peninsula, which is a flat hill intersected by hills, is treeless and mossy in nature; the tundra also stretches as a narrow strip in low places along the entire coast, especially the western one.
All other areas of Kamchatka (mountain slopes up to a certain height and river valleys) are distinguished by their richness. , consisting of spruce, cedar, and birch, is found on mountain slopes, especially inside the peninsula. Larch and fir grow only in the mountains along the Kamchatka River. On the coast, the forests are smaller and in some places take on a special character characteristic of the northern border of the distribution of forest vegetation, namely: willows and birches become squat or take on a trellis shape. Deciduous forest, consisting of poplar, willow, alder, birch, Kamchatka meadowsweet, blue-flowered honeysuckle, raspberry, heather and others, is found along the banks of rivers.
The shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula are washed by the waters of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, as well as the Pacific Ocean. Okhotsk is really cold, while Beringovo acts as a cooler in the summer and a heater in the winter. The deep-sea Kuril-Kamchatka Trench runs along the eastern coast. This is related to the structure of the relief, volcanism, seismicity, climate, flora, fauna of the peninsula... and almost everything. The west coast has a flat coastline and gentle terrain. The eastern coast is indented with peninsulas and bays, among which is one of the largest and most beautiful in the world - Avachinskaya Bay. The relief of the peninsula is mainly mountainous. Across the entire peninsula, from south-west to north-east, two ridges stretch parallel to each other - Sredinny and Vostochny. They are separated by the so-called Sredinno-Kamchatka depression, along which the largest river of the peninsula, the river, flows. Kamchatka. Along the same depression passes the only road artery connecting all the main settlements of this part of the World: ...Milkovo ...Kozyrevsk ...Klyuchi ...further on the map.
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Kamchatka Peninsula. |
How to get there
Definitely by plane. In summer there are several flights a day, in winter there are naturally fewer of them. This pleasure costs from $200 round trip in winter to $550 in summer. Naturally, this is economy class and if you purchase a ticket in advance and deliberately, if you take this issue lightly, you may not fly even for 1000. There have been cases. In Kamchatka, this is generally the rule - MONEY DOESN’T SOLVE EVERYTHING! The law “money conquers evil” does not apply here to the same extent as it does on the mainland.
Aeroflot, Transaero, Domodedovo and a couple of other companies fly. There is no big difference between them, but there are some nuances that you should know. Aeroflot has a baggage limit of 50 kg, everyone else has 30. It’s unnecessary to explain why this is important. I can only say that, not knowing this nuance, I almost paid the price when flying on Transaero. I just miraculously carried 60 kg on one stigma while flying from Kamchatka... and the situation was aggravated by the fact that I had no money to pay for the excess kilograms. Don't repeat the mistakes of others. Another nuance is the difference in service, for some this is important. Transaero has no competition here. They also have one of the most reliable aircraft fleets in the country. By the way, the flight is not close, after all, 9 hours...., therefore, all other things being equal, it is better to fly on the Il-96, or its bourgeois analogue - the Boeing 767.
But the plane, to be completely honest, is not the only option for getting to Kamchatka. A number of my desperate foreign friends first traveled from Moscow to Vladivostok by train, and from there, walked by sea for another 4 days to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Four days is if there are no storms, but it can be longer... This idea is not easy technically, the cost is clearly more expensive, and there is nothing to talk about time. Of course, this is also interesting and educational in its own way, but if your goal is to visit Kamchatka and not get acquainted with the Baikal-Amur Mainline or the Trans-Siberian Railway, then it is better to fly.
Among the volcanoes there are many active ones, the eruption of which causes admiration and fear at the same time. Volcanoes attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Kamchatka volcanoes are not as bloodthirsty as some describe them. There are practically no eruptions here. And those that do happen do not pose any danger to local residents. If the volcano has a dark tint in the morning, this does not mean that trouble will come soon; on the contrary, it is a sign of good weather throughout the day. It is clear that almost every tourist who is near them is in a state of anxiety, although in fact they do not pose any danger. Volcanoes are an amazing sight; it seems as if you are in a completely different world with its own laws and attitude.
Which volcano can be called the most beautiful in Kamchatka
No one can give objective assessments, since they are all special and beautiful in their own way. But the volcanoes that stand out the most are Klyuchevskoy, Koryaksky and Kronotsky, which claim to be the symbols of the Kamchatka Peninsula. All three stand out for their size and unusual cone shape. In general, all Kamchatka volcanoes are unique and have their own special history.
Uzon Caldera
This unusual name was given to the ring-shaped failure on the territory of the Uzon volcano. It was formed 40 years ago on the site of a huge volcano destroyed by a terrible eruption. The latest natural disaster created a crater one kilometer in diameter in the caldera. And finally, over the course of several decades, an amazing natural formation was formed, which was recently classified as a protected area.
The diameter of the entire caldera is 10 kilometers. Its entire territory is simply strewn with the numerous riches of Kamchatka: mineral springs, mud baths, lakes, tundra and a beautiful birch forest. Many scientists and researchers want to get to Uzon. The hot springs are rich in minerals, which have become a favorable environment for amazing algae and microorganisms. Formidable bears roam in the forests on the territory of the volcano, and swans swim in the lakes. Amazing landscape, don't you think?
I doubt there is another place like it in the world. The autumn landscape on the volcano is an amazing sight. Birch trees and the entire tundra are painted in extraordinary shades of gold, red and other autumn colors. Every morning in the birch grove you can hear the music of nature created by the rustling of leaves and the singing of birds.
Volcano Klyuchevskoy
The Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano is considered the most famous natural formation in Russia. It was formed about 7 thousand years ago in the Holocene. The volcano is a huge cone created by the layering of basaltic lava. All tourists are amazed by this clarity of lines and correct shape created by nature. If you look at it from the side, it seems as if Klyuchevskaya Sopka rises in splendid isolation. However, this is not at all true. As you approach, you can see the small volcanoes Kamen, Ploskaya Nizhnyaya and Ploskaya Dalnyaya fused with a large formation.
The volcano has barrancos - small grooves bordering the entire Klyuchevsky cone. Its peculiarity is considered to be a column of smoke constantly rising from the crater. This is due to numerous explosions inside the volcano.
Scientists have established that its height is 4750 meters. But it can vary depending on the power of the explosions. The foot of Klyuchevskaya Sopka is covered with coniferous forests, in which mainly spruce and Okhotsk larch grow.
The first inhabitants appeared here during the Stone Age. These were Koryaks and Itelmens. According to some sources, the first people appeared in the Neolithic era. For many centuries, the main way to survive was fishing and hunting.
The 17th century was marked by the beginning of the development of Kamchatka. It all started with the discovery of springs with clean water. Then the researchers created the settlement of Klyuchi here and named the volcano by the same name.
The Russian traveler Vladimir Atlasov was the first to mention the volcano in 1697. The first conqueror of the peak was the military man Daniil Gauss, who arrived on the territory of Kamchatka as part of a Russian expedition. According to historical data, he and two of his comrades (names unknown) climbed to the very top without special equipment. The idea was very risky, but everything went well. Some time after the ascent, the national park, together with Klyuchevskaya Sopka, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Today it is one of the few volcanoes active in Russia. At its foot is the station of the Institute of Vulcanology. The local population calls the volcano the home of the dead. According to them, when it erupts, it means that the dead are drowning whales caught in the underground sea.
Scientists studied the volcano for a long time and found that it erupts approximately once every 6 years. Larger and more destructive eruptions occur once every 25 years. Over three millennia, 50 lava eruptions have been recorded. At this point, huge columns of dust and smoke disperse throughout the surrounding area, and the flames last for a week. There is a case where a week turned into three years.
There is only one settlement left near the volcano, Klyuchi. Local residents engage in agriculture, raise livestock and fish. The most ordinary life, despite the proximity to a huge active volcano. Every year it attracts thousands of tourists, who are attracted, in addition to its history, by an unusual phenomenon: sometimes a strange cloud forms above the volcano, completely covering the crater, like a mushroom cap.
Volcano Karymsky
This volcano is the most active among all the others. Over the course of a century, more than twenty eruptions occurred. Moreover, many of them continued for years, replacing one after another. The eruptions here are explosive. The strongest of them occurred in 1962, lasting for three whole years. More than 3000 cubic meters flew out in one explosion. meters of dust and gases. In total, about nine hundred such emissions could occur in a day. Before climbing to the top, it is worth stopping at the Maly Semyachik ridge, as it offers an amazing view of the surrounding area.
An eruption at night looks unusual. Glowing clouds of smoke, fire and ash burst upward, illuminating everything around. With particularly strong explosions, the spectacle looks even more exciting.
The history of its origin is quite complex, but it is worth understanding it in order to understand the specificity of the rock formation. Before Karymsky, there was the Dvor volcano here. It stopped developing after a powerful eruption, which destroyed it almost completely. In the caldera that appeared immediately after the explosion, the Karymsky volcano formed over time. But he too suffered a sad outcome. Due to a similar eruption, the central part of the volcano was destroyed. Over time, a new cone rose on the new caldera, which has survived to the present day. At its foot, a volcanological station was built to maintain safety.
Volcano Maly Semyachik
This volcano stretches for three kilometers and is famous for its three craters. In one of them, an acidic lake formed over time. Its temperature ranges from 27 to 45 degrees. The large amount of salt and other minerals made its composition similar to sulfuric acid. The lakes also surprise with their mark of almost a kilometer. According to assumptions, the lake was formed relatively recently during one of the eruptions.
Today the volcano is considered one of the wonders of Kamchatka. If you do get to him, then you simply must climb to the top. There you will see a huge lake of acid green color. In sunny weather, you can go straight down to the crater to the beach and more carefully examine the waters of the lake. But soon you will have to go back, as it will begin to spit out its waters.
Gorely Volcano
It would be more appropriate to call the volcano the Burnt Range. This name most accurately describes its structure. It is elongated in a western direction, and is considered a typical volcano formed from a caldera. Gorely rises to 1829 meters and has 11 craters. They intersect in such an interesting way that a funny picture is created. Those craters that have ever erupted are ring-shaped and filled with acidic lakes. In one of its parts, the caldera sank due to faults and formed a kind of gate on its walls. In these places, lava flowed freely outside the volcano. Later these holes were blocked by lava.
Volcano Avachinsky
It has a complex structure similar to the Vesuvius volcano. It rises at an altitude of 2751 meters. The Avachinsky crater has a diameter of 350 meters and a depth of 220. But at the end of the 20th century, during a strong eruption, the crater crater was filled almost completely with lava with the formation of fumaroles depositing sulfur.
Volcano Koryaksky
This is a stratovolcano with a surprisingly regular even cone, rising to 3256 meters. Numerous glaciers descend from its summit. Fumaroles form near the top, heating the inside of the crater. The volcano is amazing with its abundance of numerous rocks and volcanic rocks.
Volcano Dzenzursky
The Dzenzursky volcano has long been destroyed. A glacier formed in its crater. In the southeast of Dzenzursky there is a fumarole center with an area of 100 square meters. meters. Thanks to it, the temperature of internal waters is almost 100 degrees.
Volcano Vilyuchinsky
It is located not far from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The volcano is considered extinct long ago. Its top seems to have been cut off, forming small areas filled with ice. The lava that flowed from the volcano became multi-colored due to the fumarole. The volcanic slopes are completely covered with barrancos filled with ice and firn.
Volcano Ostry Tolbachik
It has a sharp roof formed by a glacier. Its height is 3682 meters. The foot of Tolbachik is covered with glaciers. The most prominent of them is the Schmidt Glacier. From here you can clearly see the barrancos cutting up the ledges of Tolbachik. In the west they have unusual dikes of basaltic origin. They are of interest to both researchers and ordinary tourists. From the outside, dikes are very reminiscent of battlements and stocks.
Volcano Ksudach
The volcano is a truncated cone, the craters of which are filled with acidic lakes. They have a low altitude of only 1000 meters. The volcano was formed during the Pleistocene and then had a height of 2000 meters. Volcanic activity continued with some interruptions. In this regard, numerous calderas of different ages and sizes were formed.
Ksudach is considered the most unusual volcano in Kamchatka. And all because on its territory there are lakes with clean water, alder forests grow, and a waterfall originates from the caldera.
Volcano Mutnovsky
This is a structurally complex volcanic massif with a height of 2323 meters, surrounded by fumarole zones. It has several craters, next to which there is a hot mineral spring, famous for its bubbling cauldrons and warm ponds. The Vulkannaya River, which forms a huge waterfall, is also located nearby.
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