Types of sailing ships. Classification of sailing ships Marine sailing ships

The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.

Installing a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.

Centuries and millennia have passed. Primitive ships were replaced by different types of ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of different shapes.

A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of its engines, but a sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.

Structure of a sailing ship

A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and crew are placed.

The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the side restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.

Also the main elements are:

• spar(masts with yards, gaffs, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
• rigging– standing, running (various ropes, steel ropes, chains);
• sail(oblique, straight).

Gaff– this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; A geek– horizontal lower yard. Topmast is attached to the mast, being its continuation.

Bushpritom sailors call a wooden beam, which is an extension of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.

Standing rigging, as one can infer from its name, it is motionless. Such rigging gear firmly secures masts and topmasts; they are divided into:

• shrouds and forduns located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
• stays that secure the masts at the front;
• backstays securing the bowsprit.

Running rigging when fixed, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on steering the vessel, it can move gear in space.

The following types of rigging are distinguished:

• tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
• sheet(manages sailing equipment);
• halyard(raises the sail);
• bras(designed to rotate the yard in a plane parallel to the deck).

The classification of sails is based on several criteria. There are rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes.

By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, topsail) and oblique (staysail, jib - both are additional), lower sail and upper (lower foretopsail, upper foretopsail).

The main types of sailing weapons are shown in the photo.

There are also lateen sails - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to a yard, inclined relative to the mast at an angle of approximately 45-55 degrees.

Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional name, which indicates which element of the spar or sail it belongs to. Thus, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on a jib sail is a jib sheet.

Types of sailing ships

Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, features of the sails, and purpose. The table will help you determine the type of ship.

A table with types of sailing ships showed how the appearance of ships changed, the relationship to the length and number of masts, and the sail structure.

Sailboats of Russia

Russia for a long time did not have access to the southern seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.

In the north, the Pomors went out into the cold seas on boats with one sail.

Up to the 18th century. There was no navy in our country, and only on the orders of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.

From there the first sailing battleship (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailing ships were built at foreign shipyards.

There are ships that have gone down in the history of our country.

The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica

On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.

The legendary frigate Pallada, recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.

The corvette "Vityaz" delivered N. N. Miklouho-Maclay - the first European - to the shore of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.

Modern sailing ships

Modern sailing ships are widely known:

Conclusion

The age of iron ships with nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets master maritime skills in practice.

With their appearance, they awaken in children and teenagers an interest in travel, helping them get in touch with the history of geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.

Currently, the phrase “sailing ship” is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, but from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses wind energy converted by sails to propel it.

The types of sailing ships have been varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, using a smaller crew. Until the mid-19th century, sailing ships were the main means of maritime transport and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure vessels. Due to rising fuel prices and stricter environmental protection requirements, a number of countries have begun the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing rigs. The voyage of sailing ships can take from one day to several months, but long voyages require careful planning with calls at ports to replenish supplies.

There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share the same basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spar, rigging, and at least one sail.

Spar - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmasts, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - all the gear of a sailing ship, consists of stretched cables. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the spar in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing rigging cables on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - raising them, retracting them, etc.

The sail - the propulsion device of a sailing vessel - is a part of fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the spar using rigging, which allows transforming wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails have the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. Using rake sails allows a sailing vessel to sail steeply into the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. Thus, all sailing ships can carry different types of sails on their masts in varying quantities, but they are all divided into the following categories:

single masted sailing ships

yal- light ratite sailing boat (dinghy). The yawl has one mast, often removable, and is called the foremast.

kat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast placed far forward, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop- a single-mast sea sailing vessel.

tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trysail and topsail.

cutter- a sailing vessel that has one mast with an oblique, usually gaff, rig and two staysails.

two-masted sailing ships

yol- a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has an oblique sail rig.

ketch- a two-masted sailing ship, differing from the iola by a slightly larger mizzen mast. In addition, the sail area of ​​the aft mast is about 20 percent of the total sail area of ​​the sailboat. This feature provides advantages in controllability in strong winds.

schooner (Bermudian schooner)- a sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with a combined sailing rig, having a straight sail rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a straight rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into: gaff, Bermudian, jib, topsails And front-sail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. At the same time, in a number of cases, Marseille and top two-masted schooners, especially with a briefock, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails - gaff or Bermuda, a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The schooners have a shallow draft, which allows them to enter even shallow waters.

barque- a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having direct sails on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with forward sails.

barquentine (barque schooner)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has direct sails only on the foremast; the remaining masts have oblique sails.

frigate- a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships in the history of navigation, there were a large number of other names, many of which disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flute, galleon, lugger, clipper, xebec, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely connected with professional sailing on small sailing ships, where the advantage in speed made it possible to successfully compete, for example, in fishing or pilotage service. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word “jagie” - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread use of exciting water competitions has also led classifiers to divide sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, vessels into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios, affecting the performance and seaworthiness of these sailing vessels. There are four main classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes And handicap classes.

Classes of sailing vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing vessels attracted to Olympic regattas are called “Olympic”. As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn class boats, 470 class boats, 49er class boats, 49erFX class boats, Laser-Standard class boats, Laser-Radial class boats.

Stands out separately from the group class of multihull sports boats, called Nacra 17. And also competitions on surfboards with sails (windsurfing) have their own class - RS:X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of sailing-motor vessels - these are vessels with sailing weapons and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the vessel in calm conditions, entering (exiting) ports, passing narrows (straits, canals) and the like. Most sailing and motor vessels are small fishing, educational and pleasure craft.

According to historical data, the first documented use of sails for navigation dates back to the 4th millennium BC. It was then, in ancient Egypt, that the first : Barges used to navigate the Nile and coastal areas were first equipped with mat sails. Initially, the sail played the role of an auxiliary propulsion device when wind directions were favorable. But over time it became the main thing, almost completely replacing the oars. Gradually the sails became more complex and more diverse.

Classification of sailing ships

The main impetus for the development of sailing ships was the era of great geographical discoveries of the 15th-16th centuries. At this time, navigation areas and the tasks assigned to ships change dramatically. And, consequently, new requirements for the design and performance of ships appear. From now on, continuous improvement and complication begins, more and more highly specialized types appear sailing ships.

Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, with the development of a unified maritime terminology, there was an urgent need to classify all ships by type. The main classifying feature for ships is the type of equipment installed on them. Secondary signs type of sailing ship were the number of masts and its purpose, and for warships also the caliber and number of cannon weapons. Let's consider types of sailing ships with various weapons.

All diversity can be divided into three large groups according to the type of prevailing sails:

• Mixed type.

In addition, all ships are usually divided into:

• Big ones.
• Small ones.

Large ones include those that carry at least two masts. Small sailing ships are conventionally considered to be small ones that have 1 or one and a half masts (an option when one of the masts is much lower).

Straight rigged sailboats

They are the most ancient invention, used since antiquity. They were installed on Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, Polynesian and Roman ships and boats long before our era. They have not lost their relevance in our time. Their distinctive feature is their quadrangular shape - in the form of a regular rectangle or trapezoid. They are attached with the upper luff to the yard or gaff, and the lower luff to the boom, lower yard, or directly to the deck.

The advantage of straight sails is that they are easy to work with; they are easy to set up and remove. They have good driving force in tailwinds, however, in cross and head winds it is extremely difficult or even impossible to use them. To move, the minimum angle between the wind direction and the plane of the sail must exceed 65-67 o, and this makes tacking almost impossible. The name of the sails depends on the name of the masts on which they are installed and the order of the tiers.

Types of sailing ships, with predominant straight sails:

• Ship. In this case, we mean “ship” not as a vessel in general, but as a name denoting a large sailing ship with three or more masts. At the same time, they must have exclusively straight sails.
• Barque. It can also have over 3 masts, but it differs from a ship in that it has oblique sails on the mizzen mast, while all the others have only straight sails.
• A brig is a smaller vessel. However, it always has only two masts.

Sailboats with oblique rigs

They were invented much later than direct ones, only in the Middle Ages. The first to use them were presumably Arab sailors. From them, the oblique sail was adopted by the Europeans, where it spread quite widely, both as an independent sail and as a supplement to straight sails. The undoubted advantage of an oblique sail over a straight sail is the ability to move in side and even counter wind directions. Large ships that have oblique sails as their main ones are called schooners. Depending on the design features, they, in turn, are divided into several types:

• Gaffle. It is equipped with a gaff sail, stretched between the gaff at the top and the boom at the bottom, and the luff is attached directly to the mast.
• Bermuda. Sails of this type have the shape of a triangle. Its base is fixed to the boom, and the leading edge is attached to the mast.
• Staysail - this type includes schooners on which the main sails are staysails (oblique sails mounted on the forestay in front of the masts).
• Marseille - with an oblique foresail, but in addition to it it is equipped with a straight topsail sail.

The last two types, judging by their , would be more correctly classified as mixed-type vessels. But, in the maritime historical tradition, the name “schooner” was assigned to them, which defines them as ships with a predominant oblique rig.

Sailboats with mixed weapons

Vessels with a mixed rig include those in which both types of sails are represented in approximately equal proportions. This includes two types of ships:

• A brigantine is a 2-masted ship, with slant sails on the mainmast and straight sails on the foremast.
• Barquentine - carries at least 3 masts. The foremast has straight sails, while all subsequent ones have exclusively oblique sails.

Small sailboats

Today the vast majority of modern sailing ships belongs to the small class - yachts and boats. Small sailing ships, like their large-capacity “brothers,” can be divided into groups according to the type of sails.

Small sailing ships and their types:

A small sailboat can carry either 1 or 2 (one and a half) . 2-masted vessels include ketches and yolas. Both types carry mizzen and mainmasts, and differ in the location of the rudder stock. In a ketch it is located behind the mizzen mast, while in an iola it is in front. In addition, these two types of small sailing ships have different mizzen areas. In a ketch, its area exceeds 15% and can reach up to ¼ of the total sail area. In Iola, the size of the mizzen is somewhat more modest, and rarely exceeds 10% of the total sail area. Both ketch and yol can carry either gaff or Bermuda sails - in this situation they are called "Bermuda ketch", or, for example, "gaff yol".

Single-masted small sailboats are divided into the following types:

• Tender. It has a single mast, shifted towards the amidships. Standard set of sails: mainsail (either), topsail, and jibs. Like other small sailboats, depending on the type of mainsail, they can be gaff or Bermuda.
• The sloop has a slanting sail on the mainmast, and is the only one. In some cases, an additional topsail is installed above the gaff mainsail.
• Kat, a small sailboat with the simplest rig, consisting of a single oblique sail.

In addition, modern yachts and boats can be classified according to the type of material from which their hull is made:

• Steel.
• Fiberglass.
• Wood.
• Reinforced cement.

Depending on the number of hulls, sailing boats can be single-hulled, double-hulled (catamarans) and even triple-hulled (trimarans). By presence of keel small sailing ships there are:

• Keel boats – have a massive keel that acts as a balancer, preventing the yacht from capsizing during rough seas. Increases stability by moving the center of gravity below the waterline.
• Dinghy boats. It has a centerboard - a lifting keel, which can be removed if necessary, thereby reducing the draft of the boat.
• The so-called “compromise” yachts, combining in their design the advantages of both of the above types.

• Small sailing ships have one or two masts. To emphasize their difference from large ones, small two-masted sailing ships have only a main mast (the first one from the bow) and a mizzen mast (the second one). The mizzen mast, as a rule, is much smaller than the mainmast, which is why such ships are sometimes called “one and a half masts”. Historically, there were small sailing ships with three or more masts (for example, a lugger).

Based on the type of sailing equipment, the following types of ships are distinguished:

• Vessels with straight sails - have straight sails on all masts;
• Vessels with mixed sailing rigs - have both direct and oblique sails on the masts;
• Vessels with oblique sails - have oblique sails on all masts;

The division is conditional, since combinations of straight and oblique sails are possible for all types. However, a straight rig is considered when the main ones are straight sails (adapted primarily for them), and oblique - where the main sails are oblique. Large sailing ships can have any type of rig. Small sailing ships most often have only oblique rigs.

Large ships with direct sails

Ship

The ship has direct rigging on all masts (three or more).

The front mast is called the foremast, the rear one is the mizzen mast, the rest are the mainmasts (if there are several mainmasts, they are called from bow to stern: first, second, and so on).

Foremast yards: fore-yard, fore-mars-yard (upper and lower possible), fore-brow-yard (upper and lower), fore-bom-bram-yard, fore-hold-yard.

Mainmast yards: main-yard, main-marsa-yard (upper and lower), main-brow-yard (upper and lower), main-bom-bram-yard, main-hold-yard. In the case of several mainmasts, a number is added (for example: the first lower mainsail yard).

Mizzen-mast yards: begin-yard, cruise-marsa-yard (upper and lower), cruise-bram-yard (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bram-ray, cruise-hold-yard.

Foremast sails: foresail, fore-topsail (upper and lower), fore-topsail (upper and lower), fore-boom-topsail, fore-trumsel. May have oblique sails: fore-trysel and fore-brow trysel

Main mast sails: mainsail, main topsail (upper and lower), main top topsail (upper and lower), main top topsail, main top topsail. Oblique sails are possible: mainsail-trysail and mainsail-browsail.

Sails of the mizzen mast: mizzen (mizzen and counter-mizzen), cruys-topsail (less commonly called cruysel, upper and lower), cruys-bramsel (upper and lower), cruys-bom-bramsel, cruis-trumsel.

If a straight sail is installed on the first tier of the mizzen mast, then it is called a mizzen, and a gaff sail is called a counter-mizzen. If there is no straight sail on the first tier, then a mizzen is called a gaff sail.

Front sails: fore-staysail or fore-staysail, jib, boom-jib, flying jib - forward sails. Historically, the bowsprit could have straight sails: a blind suspended under it (on the blind yard) and a bomb blind (on the blind topmast).

Staysails between the foremast and mainmast: main-staysail, main-staysail, main-boom-staysail, main-boom-staysail-staysail, main-boom-staysail-staysail. If there are several mainmasts, they are named with a number added.

Staysails between the mainmast and the mizzen mast: apsel, cruise-staysail, cruise-boom-staysail, cruise-bom-browsail-staysail, cruise-hold-staen-staysail.

Additionally, it can carry foxes, displayed on fox-spirits along the sides of straight sails.

Brig

A brig always has two masts with straight sails.

The brig's mast consists of two masts: a foremast and a mainmast, a bowsprit and yards and corresponding topmasts, jigs and spirits. The mainmast also has a boom and a gaff for attaching a gaff mizzen.

Brigs are always smaller than ships and barques, and have fewer tiers of direct armament. Therefore, some straight sails and corresponding spars are missing.

Foremast yards: fore-yard, fore-mars-yard, fore-front-yard, fore-bom-front-yard.

Mainmast yards: main-yard, main-marsa-yard, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray.

A main boom and a main gaff are also installed on the main mast.

Foremast sails: foresail, fore topsail, fore top topsail, fore bom top topsail.

Main-mast sails: mainsail, main-trisail, main-topsail, main-topsail, main-boom-topsail.

Headsails: fore-staysail or fore-staysail, jib, boom-jib, flying jib.

Mainsails: mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail staysail.

Large ships with mixed sailing rigs

Barque

The bark has at least three masts, carries slanting sails on the mizzen mast and straight sails on the remaining masts.

The front mast is called the foremast, the rear one is called the mizzen mast, and the rest are called mainmasts.

Mizzen mast sails: slanting mizzen (mizzen), gaff topsail.

The armament of the remaining masts is the same as when arming a ship.

Brigantine (schooner-brig)

Brigantine (schooner-brig)

The brigantine has two masts, carries straight sails on the foremast and slanting sails on the mainmast. Their names do not differ from the corresponding sails of the barque.

Barquentine

Barquentine has at least three masts, of which the first (foremast) mast carries straight sails, and the others have slant sails. Accordingly, the slanting gaff sail of the mainmast is called the mainsail, the topsail above it is the mainsail gaff topsail (If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number), and the same sails of the mizzen mast are mizzen and cruys gaff topsail.

Large ships with oblique sails

Large ships with slanting sails are called schooners. The type of schooner is determined by the type of main and additional sails on the masts. The following types of schooners are distinguished:

• gaff - equipped with gaff sails.

• Bermuda - equipped with Bermuda (triangular) sails.

Staysail schooner

• staysail - the main ones are staysails on all masts, they are supplemented by trysails and mizzen.

Marseille schooner

The last two types are, strictly speaking, mixed. However, according to tradition, they are called schooners and refer to ships with oblique rigs. The difference between a two-masted topsail schooner and a brigantine is that the first has a spar and rigging adapted primarily for slanting sails, while straight sails are installed additionally.

Small vessels

Two-masted

• Ketch is a type of sailing rig. The vessel has a main and mizzen masts. The defining feature is that the ketch's rudder stock head is located behind the mizzen mast. When a vessel is rigged with a Kechem, the mizzen area is 15 - 25% of the total sail area. Can be Bermuda or gaff. Ketch is also the name given to a local type of sailing vessel, which began to be armed with a ketch in the 19th century. But it has its own characteristics, and is usually called with a specification, for example (Baltic ketch).

Gaff iol

• Yol is a type of oblique weapon. A two-masted vessel has a main and mizzen masts. Unlike the Ketch, the Yol's rudder stock head is located forward of the mizzenmast. The mizzen area is 8 - 10%% of the total sail area. Can be Bermuda or gaff. Yol is also the name given to a local type of sailing vessel, not necessarily armed with an yol, but characteristic of a certain time on the North Sea.

Single mast

• The tender is a single-masted type with a mast shifted to the midships, having a gaff or Bermuda mainsail, a topsail, several staysails and jibs. The type of mainsail determines the type of tender - gaff or Bermuda.

• A sloop is a type of rig with a forward mainsail and one jib. If there is a gaff mainsail, then a second sail is placed above it - a gaff topsail.

• Kat - a type of rig with one oblique sail.

Literature

• Sulerzhitsky, A. D., Sulerzhitsky, I. D. Marine Dictionary. M., Voenizdat, 1956.
• Marquardt, K. H. Spars, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century. L., Shipbuilding, 1991. ISBN 5-7355-0131-3
• Jenny Bennett, Veres László. Sailing rigs: an illustrated guide. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-813-8

Links

Bomber ship

Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the navies of all countries. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828

Brig

A military 2-masted ship with a square rig, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. It had good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the world's fleets

Brigantine

2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and an oblique sail on the rear mast (mainsail). Used in European navies for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck there were 6- 8 small caliber guns

Galion

Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement is about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board

Caravel

A high-sided, single-deck, 3-, 4-mast vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels

Karakka

Sailing 3-mast ship XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. It could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on the karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries

Clipper

A 3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people

Corvette

A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with square rig, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries

Battleship

A large, usually 3-deck (3 gun decks), three-masted ship with square rigging, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. XIX century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships

Flutes

A 3-mast sailing ship from the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were tucked inward above the waterline. A steering wheel was used for the first time on a flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.

Sailing frigate

A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament power (up to 60 guns) and displacement after the battleship, but superior to it in speed. Intended mainly for operations on sea communications

Sloop

Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the aft mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expedition vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation of the world (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)

Shnyava

A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. Shnyava length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people.

Schooner

A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is mainly armed with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.