Ship rigging. Design features of sailing ships Armament of a sailing ship
The masts were made composite of several trees continuing each other in height. The lower tree was called a column or simply a mast, and the continuation was called topmasts.
Depending on the size of the vessel and the type of sailing equipment, the number of masts may vary. Each mast has its own name. So, on a three-masted ship, the first mast from the bow of the ship is called the fore mast, the second is the main mast, the third, smallest, is the mizzen mast.
Fig: Mast arrangement.
1 - Lower mast (column); 2 - trunnion; 3 - iron yokes; 4 - chicks; 5 - long salings; 6 - spreaders; 7 - ezelgoft; 8 - topmast; 9 - bram topmast; 10 - bom-bram-mast; 11 - flagpole; 12 - klotik; 13 - wooling; 14 - wooden yoke; 15 - scale; 16 - scale mount; 17 - knitting wooling.
The highest mast has always been the main mast. Its height with three masted ships with direct armament was determined by the length of the ship along the gondek, folded with its greatest width and divided in half. The height of the fore and mizzen masts, together with their tops, was determined by the height of the main mast. So the length of the fore mast was 8/9, and the mizzen mast was 6/7 of the length of the main mast. These proportions were often changed at the discretion of the builder.
The word "fore" is added to the names of spars, parts of rigging and sails related to the fore mast, but strengthened above the mars platform. "Bram" - the word added to the names of the spars, rigging or sails, indicates their belonging to the third knee from the bottom. "Bom" - indicates belonging to the fourth tribe from below. The lower masts, as well as bowsprits for strength, were made of several beams, tied together with bandages - cable vulpings. The lower end of the mast - the spur - ended in a trunnion, which was inserted into the steps - a nest located on the kilson. The top of the mast is called the top. At its top there is a trunnion on which the ezelgoft is worn, connecting the mast to the topmast. On both sides of the mast, curly attachments called chiks were attached, to them - two longitudinal beams - long-saling, and on the long-salings they laid a landing platform or simply Mars.
Mars
Previously, on sailing ships with direct sails, Mars had the appearance of a round basket. Around the middle of the XVIII century. mars are beginning to be made almost rectangular, only the bow was rounded. Three-masted ships carried three mars, which were named according to their belonging to one or another mast: there was a fore-mars on the fore-mast, a main-mars on the main-mast and a cruise-mars on the mizzen-mast.Rice. 1. Mars details:
1 - lower mast (column); 2 - chicks; 3 - long salings; 4 - spreaders; 5 - dog holes; 6 - mars; 7 - mast top; 8 - ezelgoft; 9 - topmast.
Rice. 2. Connecting the topmast to the topmast:
1 - topmast; 2 - chicks; 3 - long salings; 4 - spreaders; 5 - bram topmast; 6 - ezelgoft; 7 - bram-shrouds; 8 - schwitz-rag-sling.
All the topmasts were also connected to each other with the help of salings and ezelgofts, but smaller.
Ezelgoft is a wooden clip with two holes: a square one, into which the top of the lower mast is inserted, and a round one, into which the next topmast is passed. Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their belonging to a particular mast, are called: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft, fore-sten-ezelgoft, cruise-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting bowsprit with utlegar ) etc.
Bowsprit
A bowsprit is a horizontal or somewhat inclined beam (an inclined mast) protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel and serving to carry straight sails - blind and bom-blind. Until the end of the XVIII century. the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast. From the end of the XVIII century. the bowsprit is lengthened with a jib and then a bom jib. Blind and bom-blind are no longer placed on it, it serves to carry out the stays of the foremast and its topmast, as well as to fasten the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails.The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the vessel with the help of a water-wooling made of a strong cable, and later (XIX century) and chains.
Rice. Bowsprits.
a - XVIII century; b - the end of the 18th century; c - the first half of the 19th century; 1 - bowsprit; 2 - knit; 3 - bowsprit ezelgoft; 4 - mars; 5 - blind topmast; 6 - blind-bram-topmast; 7 - flagpole; 8 - klotik; 9 - jib; 10 - bom-fitler; 11 - ezelgoft; 12 - blind hafel; 13 - martin boom; 14 - guis-rod; 15 - cable vuling.
Standing rigging of a sailing ship
Bowsprits, masts and topmasts on a sailing vessel are fixed in a certain position with the help of special gear called standing rigging spars. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perts, as well as jib and bom-jib of the lifeline.
Once wound up, standing rigging always remains stationary. It is made from a thick vegetable cable.
Standing rigging of a 90-gun two-deck battleship of the 18th - 19th centuries:
1 - water stays; 2 - martin stay; 3 - martin stay from bom-utlegar (or lower backstay); 4 - fore-stay; 5 - fore-elk-stay; 6 - fore-moose-stay-stay (serves as a lifeline for fore-topmast-staysail); 7 - fore-wall-stay; 8 - jib-leer; 9 - fore-bram-wall-stay; 10 - bom-jib-leer; 11 - fore-bom-bram-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - mainsail-elk-stay; 14 - mainsail-moose-wall-stay; 15 - mainsail-stay; 16 - main-bram-wall-stay; 17 - mainsail-bom-bram-wall-stay; 18 - mizzen-stay; 19 - cruise-wall-stay; 20 - cruise-bram-wall-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22 - water backstays; 23 - backstay jib; 24 - bom-utlegar-backstays; 25 - fore-shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27 - fore-bram-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-forduny; 29 - for-bram-sten-forduny; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduny; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - mainsail-shroud; 33 - grotto-bram-wall-shrouds; 34 - grotto-wall-forduny; 35 - grotto-bram-sten-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-sten-forduny; 37 - mizzen guys; 38 - cruise-wall-shrouds; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shrouds; 40 - cruise-wall-forduny; 41 - cruise-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - cruise-bom-bram-sten-forduny.
Standing rigging is called shrouds, which strengthen masts, topmasts and bram-topmasts from the sides and somewhat behind. Depending on which tree the shrouds are holding, they receive an additional name: fore-shrouds, fore-sten-shrouds, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift sailors onto the masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, across the shrouds at a certain distance from each other, hemp, wooden or metal faded. Hemp hemp was tied to the shrouds with a hemp knot at a distance of 0.4 m from one another. The lower shrouds (hemp) were the thickest on sailing ships, their diameter reached 90-100 mm. The wall-shrouds were made thinner, and the bram-wall-shrouds were even thinner. The faded ones were thinner than their shrouds.
Topmasts and brams - topmasts are additionally held from the sides and somewhat behind by forduns. The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast with the help of ogons (loops) worn on the tops. Shrouds, wall-shrouds and bram-wall-shrouds must be paired, i.e. made from one piece of cable, which is folded in half. If the number of shrouds from each side is odd, then the last shroud to the stern is made split, i.e. single. The same rule applies to forduns. The number of shrouds and forduns depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
Guys and forduns were stuffed (fitted) with cable hoists on yufers - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard. In the old days, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, powerful wooden platforms were strengthened from the outside of the side of the ship, at deck level. They were fastened with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the board, and the lufers were attached to their upper ends so that the latter almost touched with their lower part with the channels.
The upper lufers are tied into shrouds and forduns with the help of fires and benzels (brands). The shrouds of the topmast were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their yufers were somewhat smaller.
The standing rigging that supports the spars in the diametrical plane in front is called the stay, which, like the lower shrouds, was made of a thick cable. Standing rigging also includes perts - plant cables on yards, on which sailors stand while working with sails on yards. Usually one end of the perth is attached to the leg of the yard, the other - to the middle of the yard. Perths are supported by props - pieces of cable attached to the yard.
Bowsprit standing rigging serves to support and reinforce bowsprit spars. It consists of stays, backstays, perts, etc.
Standing bowsprit rigging:
1 - water stays; 2 - water backstays; 3 - jib-stay; 4 - backstay jib; 5 - bom-utlegar-stay; 6 - martin backstays; 7 - bom-utlegar-backstays; 8 - upper blind-backstay; 9 - lower blind-backstay; 10 - perts bom-utility; 11 - feathers of the utlegar; 12 - lop stays.
Under the spars and rigging of the vessel is understood all the equipment moving or at rest - masts, cargo half-masts, yardarms, hafels, cargo booms, shrouds, stays with all the details related to them. This name has been preserved since the days of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. So, initially, the spars and rigging of a sailing vessel ensured the advancement of the vessel, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place a cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugs and similar floating craft - signaling equipment.
Armament of a sailing ship
a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing equipment; c - types of sailing ships.
1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen hafel; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - cruise topmast; 7 - mainsail-bram-topmast; 8 - grotto-bom-bram-ray; 9 - main-bom-bramsel; 10 - grotto-bram-ray; 11 - main-bramsel; 12 - cruise-bram-staysail; 13 - cruise-wall-staysail; 14 - apse; 15 - upper mainsail; 16 - lower mainsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - main mast; 20 - upper grotto-mars-rai; 21 - lower grotto-mars-ray; 22 - grotto-rai; 23 - mainsail-bom-bram-staysail; 24 - mainsail-bram-staysail; 25 - mainsail-stay-sail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore-bram-topmast; 28 - fore-bom-bramsel; 29 - fore-bram-ray; 30 - fore-bramsel; 31 - for-bom-bram-stay; 32 - bom-jib-leer; 33 - upper fore-mars-ray; 34 - upper fore-Marseille; 35 - fore topmast; 36 - lower fore-mars-ray; 37 - lower fore-Marseille; 38 - foke ray; 39 - fore-mast; 40 - fork; 41 - fore-topmast-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - boom-jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - Latin sail; 47 - straight rake sail; 48 - luger or rake sail Tretyak; 49 - lug or rake sail quarter; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53 - Bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - deuhmast hafel schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted topsail schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barquentine (schooner-bark); 65 - barque; 66 is a fully armed ship.
The main part of the spars is the mast. Depending on the purpose of use, there are signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To absorb the forces arising from the roll and pitching in heavy seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane with the help of shrouds and stays, consisting of steel wire ropes. On the signal masts are placed signal and radio antenna yards, and often also a hafel for hoisting the country's flag. Fresh information rigging work with us. In addition, they have flag halyards and a holder for a lantern.
Spars and rigging of cargo ships
a - cargo and signaling devices of a cargo ship of an old design; b - a cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.
The simplest design is tubular masts (Fig. below a), which have one cargo boom each in front and behind. To accommodate other cargo booms, a saling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two or three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse rest on short ventilation posts. Saling and traverse often consist of a single box beam (fig. below b). The most commonly seen bipedal masts usually lack standing rigging, thereby increasing visibility to the open deck. Sometimes when working with heavy cargo devices, stays are installed on the opposite side (fig. below c).
cargo masts
a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with saling and traverse of the cargo boom; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna rail; 2 - ray; 3 - searchlight beam; 4 - observation post on the mast ("crow's nest"); 5 - guys; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - the foundation of the cargo boom.
Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely equipped with topmasts and are installed in pairs outside the center plane of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have stays, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting stay or traverse. Cargo half-masts are often used to ventilate the cargo hold; in this case, deck fan sockets are provided in them.
Cargo half-masts
a - the location of the half-masts; b - half-masts with a traverse; c - half-masts with hatchets and shrouds; d - half-masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half-mast; 4 - toprik; 5 - guys.
The masts and half-masts are fastened with shrouds and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (saling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable-stayed butts), and at the other end - to the bases of the shrouds (shrouds) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. Shrouds or stays with butts are attached to the mast or shrouds with the help of lobes; in the presence of fork rope locks, lobes are not required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds are lanyards for pulling cables.
The main parts of the deck and superstructures of a sailing ship (starting from
nose), formed in the sailing fleet:
latrine -
? overhang in the bow of the sailing vessel, on which the bow decoration was installed, and on the sides? latrines for eqi-
page (at present, all toilets on ships and ships, regardless of location, are called latrines);
tank
-? a superstructure at the fore end of the ship, starting from the bow, which serves to protect the deck from flooding on the opposite
wave, to accommodate office space (painting, skipper's
and etc.). Such a superstructure partially recessed in the ship's hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle;
waist ? - part of the upper deck from the foremast (first from the bow), or from the bow superstructure to the main mast (second from the bow), or aft superstructure;
quarterdeck (shantsy) ? - aft upper section of the deck, raised by a ledge, where all the controls for the sailing vessel were located;
ut ? - part of the deck between the mizzen mast (the third aft mast) and the aft flagpole.
In the XV? -XVI centuries, a fourth aft mast was also installed on ships, which the British called bonaventure ? mast, and the Italians? fell .
A strongly inclined bow mast is called bowsprit , the angle of its inclination to the horizon is now about 20 °, on ancient ships and galleons about 36 °.
Sails were placed on the masts, which ensured the propulsion of the vessel. Did the sails consist of several sewn panels of special linen fabric? canvases.
Are there two main types of sails? straight And oblique. Straight sails are carried on the yards, slanting -? on stays (staysails) and on gaffs(trisely).
The edges of the sails, called luffs , for the fortress they are sheathed with a special rope, it was called lyktrosome . Due to the large number of different sails, rigging and gear, there are special names for them, which constitute a kind of maritime specificity and a source of special pride for real sailors.
An idea of the sails of 18th century ships is given in Fig. 9.8, which shows a three-masted ship of the 1st rank with full armament. Such ships carried the following sails.
Straight sails (the names are indicated in the figure by numbers in order from bottom to top):
on bowsprit blind (1) and bowen blind (2); on the foremast? fock (3), fort marseille (4), fort bramsel (5); on the main mast? mainsail (6), mainsail (7), mainsail (8); on a mizzen mast? - cruise-marseille (9), cruise-bramsel (10). Oblique sails: on a bowsprit? fore or fore staysail (11), fore sten staysail (12), jib (13); between foremast and mainmast? mainsail (only on ships with less than 50 guns), mainsail-staysail (14), midshipsail (15), mainsail-bram-staysail (16), mainsail-bram-staysail; between the main and mizzen masts? mizzen staysail or apse (17), cruise-wall-staysail (18), cruise-bram-staysail (19); on a mizzen mast? mizzen (20).
In favorable weather, in addition to the main direct sails, additional ones were placed to increase speed? - foxes :
on the foremast and mainmast? under- and mars-foxels. By the end of the century, bram-foxels began to be used.
It should be noted that sailing equipment is very diverse, depending on the type of vessel and the period of development of shipbuilding.
The placement of weapons, ballast and provisions on sailing ships was strictly regulated, which was the result of a long test of time.
The loading of a sailing ship in the 18th century was carried out as follows (Fig. 9.9). In the lower part of the hull, in the so-called water hold, there was a cast-iron ballast. These were cast-iron bars weighing 8 and 2.4 pounds *), which were laid, tightly pressing against each other, from one side to the other. Moreover, in the area of the mainmast, in the center of gravity of the vessel, the largest number of bars was placed. To prevent the ballast from rolling from side to side during pitching, the hold was divided into longitudinal compartments, which were called banks. After the cast-iron ballast was covered with small stone, empty water barrels were placed on it. At the same time, the largest barrels in the bottom row were tightly placed against each other and half buried in stone ballast. After laying the lower layer (log, hence the marine term “stand lag”, i.e. side), the barrels, starting from the middle one, located in the diametrical plane of the vessel, were filled with water from a hose. The average lag of the smaller barrels was placed on the bottom layer.
For sailors to work in the hold above the barrels, a space of about one meter was left. The voids between the barrels were filled with firewood. Provisions (wine, oil, corned beef) were stored in some barrels.
The water accumulating at the bottom of the hold was pumped overboard using pumps installed near the mainmast. To protect the pumps from clogging and damage from the very bottom to the lower deck, a special box was built around the mainmast, which was called lyalo or vel.
To accommodate all dry provisions (sacks with flour, salt, cereals) and cook facilities (boilers, plates, cups, scales) under the lower deck for the entire width of the ship at a distance of 1.9 m, a platform was made
(cockpit).
The space under the cockpit (hold) was divided by transverse bulkheads into a number of large compartments: in the central part of the vessel? water hold, bow (large) and stern (small) hook chambers.
Kruyt chambers were intended for storing gunpowder in barrels, which were tightly stacked on racks. Gunpowder was poured into caps *) in specially designated places.
Provisions were stored in the captain's and officer's cellars, which were located in front of the aft hook chamber. The bottom of these cellars was covered with sand. They also had special compartments for bombs.
and pomegranate. Artillery accessories and supplies (horns, kokors, leathers and incendiary pipes) were laid out above the kruyt chambers. Skippers' cabins were located near the exit from the hook-chamber. Canvas, awnings, sailing threads, lines, piles, hammers and other ship accessories were also stored here.
Galleries along the sides of the cockpit were used by carpenters and caulkers to seal holes during battles.
For the sick and wounded, the middle part of the cockpit was intended, as a place with the least impact of pitching.
Sailors, gunners and soldiers lived on the lower deck, closer to the bow of the ship. Here were the anchors. In the place where the anchor ropes were drawn in, there was a clubhouse for storing the anchor chain or rope. Cluzback was appointed to prevent water from spreading over the vessel when choosing an anchor, it was well caulked and tarred, and had scuppers for water drainage.
Artillery officers and navigators lived in a cabin behind the main mast. Nearby was the ship's office. Boarding weapons (muskets, pistols, pikes, etc.) were stored nearby. In front of the mizzen mast there was a special place for guns.
For sampling anchors, a large spire was used, which was located between the main and mizzen mast. It had two drums: one on the first and the other on the second battery deck. For lifting heavy
Stey used a small spire, which was located on the upper deck between the fore and main masts.
The captain-lieutenants and lieutenants occupied a wardroom, which was located in the aft part of the ship on the upper deck (operdeke). Midshipmen and midshipmen lived under quarter quarters.
On the quarterdeck there was a ship's compass in a binnacle. On the upper deck between the foremast and the main mast there were rosters? Stands for boats and spare spars. Captain's cabin
relied in the stern of the ship.
The ship's priest lived in a cabin on the starboard side.
Galley
(kitchen on the ship) was in the bow under the forecastle.
In front of him, on one side, there was a ship's infirmary, and on the other, a wick was attached and a barrel of water was installed.
On the upper deck between the small and large spiers during the voyage there were fences and cages for chickens, ducks, geese, pigs and calves.
On the ships of the slave traders (in the middle part), when taking on board the “live goods”, the upper yards and bram-stengs were lowered onto the deck, which were fixed at a height of 2.5-? 3.0 m. logs. Boards were stuffed onto the resulting frame. So the entire upper deck turned out to be under a lattice with holes of about 30 cm. From above, to protect from the sun, the structure was covered with bamboo mats. Slaves entering the ship could not jump overboard: the part of the deck where they 
were, fenced off by a wall of thick wooden boards? "barricade".
Nets were stretched around the entire ship along the sides inside, in which rollers were stored in a folded state -? team personal belongings. During the battle, they protected the personnel from buckshot and enemy bullets.
The placement of artillery on sailing ships of the navies deserves special attention. The heaviest guns were located on the lower deck - gondek, medium-caliber guns - on the upper deck, and the smallest -? on the dowels and the tank. This arrangement was dictated by the desire to better ensure the stability of the vessel.
The guns were mounted on carriages (Fig. 9.10) and together with them they were fastened with thick (5? -8 inches) tarred ropes (trousers) 2.5 times the length of the gun, connected to the side eyelets (rings). Under 
gun carriages were crowbars and gunshpugs (wooden levers for changing the sight of guns when firing), but under the guns? banniki (in the form of a ruff? for cleaning the bore), piercers (for sending the charge to the place) and fawns (devices similar to a corkscrew for removing wad residues). Next to the cannon, in rings of thick rope (fenders), which did not allow the cannonballs to roll around the deck, there was a part of the cannonballs. To protect the deck from damage, wooden pillows with recesses were “littered” under the cores. The rest of the cores were placed in the middle of the deck and around the hold hatches. The cores were stored in boxes located in the hold near the mainmast.
Particular attention was paid to the fastening of the guns in a marching manner (Fig. 9.11). This is not surprising, because the mass of guns reached 500 kg. It is easy to imagine what such a mass moving along the deck when the ship was rolling could do. It should be noted that the strong connections of the gun decks were made of large sizes (Fig. 9.12).
Among the design features of sailing ships (their appearance dates back to the 19th century), experts note the replacement of lever steering systems with calderstock to more modern steering wheel (helm). Since then, the steering wheel has become one of the symbols of the maritime profession.
The design of the steering gear with a calderstock and a steering wheel with cable wiring (which is called a steering cable) is shown in fig. 9.13. Sturtrosovaya wiring made it possible to significantly increase the angle of deflection of the rudder blade (up to 15 ° against the previous 5 °), which improved the maneuverability of sailing ships.
It must be said that attention was paid not only to internal structures during the construction of a sailing ship. During the period under review, shipbuilders considered appearance no less important. Each vessel was an individual production facility, and
shipbuilders tried to give it the features of a work of ship art.
Carved sculptural images of religious and mythological content, ornaments and gilding? everything went to the decoration of the ship. Especially a lot of decorations were on the bow and stern. Fig. 1 gives an idea of this kind of decor. 9.14.
In the subsequent period of development of the sailing fleet (the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century), the decoration of the ships became more modest; sculptures, bas-reliefs from the stern practically disappear, only the nasal carvings remain. With the advent of metal and steam, shipbuilders completely abandon this kind of hull decoration.
On the desktop is an almost finished model of an old sailboat. She carries shrouds and forduns, stays are neatly stacked on top of the shrouds. To finish with the standing rigging and proceed to the installation of the running rigging, we only have a little left - to equip the bowsprit. But is it such a small thing? Let's get a look…
bowsprit rigging
First of all, we lay lashings (water-wooling) on the bowsprit - a cable that goes around the bowsprit and passes through a hole in the kneediged or through a butt in the stem. Water-wooling consists of 9-11 hoses, crossing each other, and ends with a dozen more horizontal hoses. It's hard to think of a better way to securely connect a bowsprit to the bow of a ship. That is why, starting from the 16th century, almost all sailboats of the Old and New Worlds were equipped with water-wooling.
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| The fore end of the brig "Mercury" - just above the main-elk-stay there is a water-wooling. |
A little later, in the 17th century, to counteract the thrust of the foresail and fore-stay, they began to install additional tackle - a water stay that held the bowsprit from below. At first, the water stay was a simple hoist, mounted on the bowdiged and bowsprit of the ship.
On the model, we draw a waterstay through the hole in the knjavdiged, splicing (splicing) the ends together and ending in the upper part with a stay-block. We install a paired block near the ezelgoft of the bowsprit. With the help of a thin cable (for us it's just a thread), we lash the blocks - and the water stay turns into a single whole! On models of English ships, we fill the water stay a little differently, with the help of a pair of ordinary yufers.
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| The bow of the battleship "Ingermanland" - the attachment of the water stay in the knyavdiged. |
The bowsprit rig will be somewhat more complicated if we have a model of a 19th century ship. On such a model, water-back stays must be installed, supporting a long bowsprit from the sides. Water-buckstays are fastened with hooks to the butts on the cheekbones of the ship and are stuffed with hoists on the ezelgoft of the bowsprit.
Do not forget about such an important piece of standing rigging as the back of the bowsprit. It was a kind of cable handrail, which served as insurance for sailors when walking on a bowsprit. On the one hand, the backrest is mounted on the bulkhead of the forecastle or on the stub bollard, on the other hand, by the butt on the bowsprit ezelgoft. Sometimes the back of the bowsprit in the middle can be supported by a guy attached to the forestay of the ship.
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| Brig "Mercury" - a twin backstay runs parallel to the bowsprit, water stays and water back stays are also visible. |
Rigging jib and bom jib
After rigging the bowsprit, it's time to move on to installing the standing rigging of the jib. To understand why an already long bowsprit was supplemented with a jib, let's turn to history ...
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| brig "Mercury" - in the place where the fore-moose-stay is attached, the lashing lashings are visible. Posting the jib-stay through the marting boom and the guide thimble under the bowsprit. |
In the 18th century, the bulky straight sails on the bowsprit were replaced by more efficient and comfortable jibs. But direct sails were not immediately abandoned - on the contrary, in order to put additional direct sails, the bowsprit was lengthened by installing a jib. In the spur of the jib there was a hole through which it was lashed with a bowsprit. In turn, the jib had to be reinforced with some additional tackle to compensate for the tension of the foremast stays. Such tackle was called the utlegar-stay or martin-stay. It was applied with fire to the kick of the jib and, to increase the spacing, was carried through the hole in the bowsprit shot - the marting boom, mounted on the bowsprit ezelgoft. Next, the martin stay was led through a guide block or thimble in the middle of the bowsprit and stuffed with hoists on the forecastle of the vessel. We will follow the same sequence on the model.
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| The battleship "Tsesarevich" - bowsprit has a double martin stay. |
A few words about the features of the wiring of the double martinstay. From the butt of the jib it passes through two shots of the marting boom spaced at an angle of about 100 °, then through two blocks on the bowsprit and ends with a pair of tackles on the forecastle.
If the ship carries a jib and bom jib, made from one piece of wood, we have to fit two simple martin stays. First, we carry out a bom-utlegar-stay. From the nok of the bom-utility, it goes through a hole in the marting boom and is stuffed with hoists on the right side of the tank. The jib stay, fixed at the top of the jib, must pass through another hole in the marting boom, higher than the previous one. We stuff it with hoists on the tank, but on the left side.
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To support the jib from the sides, we install special paired cables - backstays. The first pair of them was placed on the leg of the jib, long pendants were passed through the krengels on the blinda yard and, approximately 1 meter from the yard, ended with hoists. Paired blocks of these hoists were fastened with hooks - in butts on the front side of the crane beams, on small tank bits or on the cheekbones of the ship. The second pair of bakshatags was fixed for side points on the "jib-ring". (This was the name of the ring with a hook or roller, which moved freely along the jib and served to fasten the fore-wall-stay.) Further, the back stays were carried out in the same way through the second pair of crengels on the blind-yard, located closer to the jib, and finished, as usual, hoists.
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| "Saint Nicholas": posting backstays through the crengels on the blinda yard. |
To work with sails, the jib and bom jib must be equipped with feathers. The Perts fired on the butt of the jib and fastened it to the ezelgoft of the bowsprit. The second pair of pins were put on with fire on the nok of the bom-fitler and fixed to the upper part of the utlegary. The perts hung at about a height of 2 feet and did not have props, and in order to prevent the sailors' legs from slipping, knots - knobs were knitted on the perts.
"Is it possible to exactly repeat all the nuances of the rigging wiring on the model?" - you ask. Of course you can. But only if you carefully approach the choice of threads for the manufacture of rigging gear - they should be without noticeable pile, have the color and structure of a real twisted rope. Set the light threads aside immediately. Since the standing rigging was tinned, it ended up being black. Due to the slightly different composition of the range, the color of the standing rigging on French ships was dark brown.
For rigging, threads made of artificial fibers are best suited: they twist easily, are durable, their length changes little with fluctuations in temperature and humidity. But do not forget that synthetic rigging requires especially careful gluing of knots (they tend to spontaneously bloom).
And, finally, the well-known Hamlet question "To twist or not to twist?" I would answer it positively, since only twisted rigging looks realistic. Of course, on models smaller than 1:50 it is difficult to reproduce all the gradations of the thickness of the rigging gear, but this should at least be strived for!
Usually the diameter of the mainstay (the thickest cable on the ship) was calculated empirically: it was taken equal to 0.166 of the diameter of the mainmast in the patch. The thicknesses of the rest of the rigging gear will be calculated as a percentage of the diameter of the mainstay.
Standing rigging thicknesses
| Bowsprit | |
| Waterstay | 80% |
| Knights | 40% |
| Wooling | 18% |
| Blinda topmast | |
| Backstays | 20% |
| Guys | 16% |
| Guy lanyards | 8% |
| jib | |
| Martin-Stage | 20% |
| Backstays | 16% |
| Perth | 8% |
| foremast | |
| Foca stage | 80% |
| Guys | 40% |
| Guy lanyards | 20% |
| Fore topmast | |
| Fore-sten-stay | 40% |
| Guys | 20% |
| Guy lanyards | 10% |
| Forduny | 20% |
| Fore-bram-mastmast | |
| Fore-bram-wall-stay | 20% |
| Guys | 16% |
| Guy lanyards | 8% |
| Forduny | 16% |
| Main mast | |
| Mainstay | 100% |
| Kragstay | 75% |
| Guys | 50% |
| Guy lanyards | 25% |
| Mainmast | |
| Mainsail-stay | 50% |
| Guys | 25% |
| Guy lanyards | 13% |
| Forduny | 25% |
| Mainsail-bram-topmast | |
| Main-bram-wall-stay | 20% |
| Guys | 16% |
| Guy lanyards | 8% |
| Forduny | 16% |
| mizzen mast | |
| mizzen-stay | 40% |
| Guys | 25% |
| Guy lanyards | 13% |
| Cruise topmast | |
| Cruise-wall-stay | 20% |
| Guys | 16% |
| Guy lanyards | 8% |
| Forduny | 16% |
| Cruise-brahm-topmast | |
| Cruise-bram-wall-stay | 10% |
| Guys | 8% |
| Forduny | 8% |
Author - Dmitriy Kalmykov
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- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). A mast placed at an angle to the front of a ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BOOSPRIT bowsprit, tilted over the nose and ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
A horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the prow of a sailing vessel. It serves to bring forward triangular bow sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partly to secure the fore mast. Naval ... ... Marine Dictionary
BUSHPRIT, bougsprit male, marine. the front mast on the ship, lying obliquely forward, behind the water cutter. Continuation of the bowsprit: jib, and the transverse tree: pancakes. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: forestengs staysail, jib and boom jib. Dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Bugsprit, mast, spars Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary
- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for fastening bow sails ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
And BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg the bow of the ship and the spriet pole) (mar.). A beam protruding obliquely ahead of the bow of the ship. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
A tree extended overboard at the bow of a vessel horizontally or at some angle. The largest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. B. is either fixed or sliding, that is, one whose outboard part can be reduced by pushing it inside ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
A; m. [Dutch] boegsprit] Mor. A horizontal or inclined bar used to carry the bow sails forward. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing vessel. Serves mainly… encyclopedic Dictionary
A bowsprit (eng. bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the ship's stem. On sailing ships, B. serves to carry forward the bow sails (jibs), thereby increasing the total area ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
M. A horizontal or inclined beam on a sailing ship, which serves to carry forward the bow sails. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
Books
- Set "Sea of Wonders. Ghost ship" (147261) , . Your attention is invited to an interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Contents: aquarium, mast, prow (2 pcs.), bowsprit, forward deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck…
- Educational audio encyclopedia. Ships. Water transport (MP3 audiobook), A. Lukin. The "Transport" series includes four discs, after listening to which, children will learn a lot about airplanes and airships, cars and bicycles, ships, subways and railways. In this episode: How...
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