Differences between yachts by type of armament. See what "Iol" is in other dictionaries Sailing ship Iol

Aak– (Dutch aak) - a single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,

used on the Lower Rhine for transporting wines. By design, it is a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore- or sternposts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the ship's bottom at both ends was raised flat and obliquely, starting from the waist. It had no sideboards, carried a simple sprint sail and a foresail staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.

The oldest image of aak dates back to 1530.

Kölsche Aak, XVI.

Barque(Dutch bark) - a three-to-five-mast large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern one (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).

Bark "Sedov"

Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a three- to five-mast (sometimes six-mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.

Brig- (English brig) - a two-masted ship with straight sailing rigs of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - mainsail-gaff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.

Brigantine(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail, trysail and topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.

Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages.
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull resulted in increased stability and reduced wave drag, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from earlier ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine at the bow, protruding forward below the level of the forecastle. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like the stem of a galley. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load waterline. On the rear side, the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sails.

Junk - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo ship with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.

Iol- (Gol. jol), a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.

Caravel(Italian caravella) - 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.

Karakka(Spanish: Carraca) - a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 The carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.

Carrack "Victoria", recreated according to Spanish designs of the 16th century

Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).

Flutes- a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.

The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay. The sailing rig of the foremasts and mainmasts consisted of a foresail and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on large flutes and topsails. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. A rectangular blind sail, sometimes a bomb blind, was installed on the bowsprit. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.

Frigate- a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics The Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the mid-18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called linear frigates, like the battlecruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. In peacetime, frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like battleships, but were used for patrol and cruising service, combating piracy and crew training. The reliability and speed of frigates made them popular vessels for explorers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigated the world on the frigate Boudeuse (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate Pallada, on which Admiral E.V. Putyatin arrived in Japan in 1855 to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which, according to many accounts, had the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from four to six.

Frigate "Holy Spirit"

Sloop(small corvette) (Gol. sloep, from sluipen - to slide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - the front one (a staysail with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and the rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).

Soviet sloop "Enterprise"

Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. At the end of the 19th century, competition between steamships led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners that were able to withstand this struggle. Mostly two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy (USA), the world's only seven-masted schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to carry coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 m high, weighed 20 tons. They were continued by 17-meter wooden topmasts. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent timber, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, having from three to five masts.

Yacht(Dutch jacht, from jagen - to drive, to pursue) - originally a light, fast ship for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.

The first mentions of sports sailing yachts date back to the 17th century. Modern usage of the term Yacht In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind.

Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, and those designed for long-distance voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.

The very first sailing ships (will be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were a regular raft with a straight mast and a steering oar. A little later, the Phoenicians began to make more advanced models. For their construction they used Lebanese cedar and oak wood. The ports of Phenicia had shipyards that produced merchant single-masted boats and more equipped warships. Around the 5th century. BC e. The ancient Greeks and Romans already had a navy. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the period of great geographical discoveries. It was then that the most powerful European powers, in search of new colonies, began to equip sea flotillas for travel not only across the ocean, but also around the world. Thus began a stubborn struggle for supremacy at sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.

in modern world

Nowadays, when the navy consists of powerful ships equipped with the latest technology, sailing models have begun to be used mainly for entertainment. The majority of modern sailing ships are yachts. In Europe and America, where there are sports yacht clubs, sports regattas are held annually. Most often people take part in such events

A regatta is a water competition between sailing or rowing vessels.

Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regattas are major international competitions, such as. "America's Cup".

The classification of sailing ships is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics. Below are the main types of sailboat varieties.

Classification by sail type

Vessels with straight sails.

Vessels with oblique sails.

The straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians. It is a trapezoid-shaped canvas attached to a horizontal yardarm. Ships with straight sails sail well only with a tailwind, so they were quickly replaced by ships with oblique sails.

The oblique sail is located on the rear side of the mast, to which it is attached with its leading edge. Vessels with oblique sails sail well both with a fair wind and with a course sharp to the wind. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into:

Latin.

Gaff sails.

Jib and jib.

Classification by number of masts

Single mast sailing yachts.

Two-masted yachts.

Multi-masted yachts.

The mast is part of the sailing rig. It is a vertical ship structure, which is usually supported by special guy wires. Masts were made mainly from softwood.

Masts in the modern world

On large modern ships that do not have sailing equipment, masts have lost their main function and are used for other purposes:

To carry the national attributes of your country (flag and coat of arms).

To carry identification marks about the current state of the vessel (quarantine on board, fire on board, drill, etc.).

For installation of various lighting signal signs.

For installation of some audible warning devices.

In order to pay tribute to the state in whose waters the ship is currently located. The national flag of that country is installed on the mast.

If there is a deceased person on board, the national flag is lowered at half-mast as a sign of mourning and tribute to his memory.

Types of masts

Foremast. This is the very first mast, if you count from the bow of the ship.

Mainmast. It is the second structure of this type from the bow of the ship. On two- or three-masted ships it is also the highest.

Mizzen mast. The stern mast, which on any ship is the last one from the bow.

What types of watercraft are there?

Classification of sailboats by hull type:

Wooden.

Plastic.

Steel.

Classification of sailing ships by number of hulls:

Single-hull

Double-hulled (sailing catamarans)

Three-hulled (sailing trimarans).

And finally, the classification of sailing ships depending on the use of the keel:

Keel yachts (heavy ones are used on such vessels, which significantly reduces the drift of the vessel and lowers the center of gravity).

Dinghy boats (on such yachts a special centerboard is installed; if necessary, it can be raised and the vessel’s draft reduced).

Yachts are compromises (they use intermediate design solutions between dinghies and keel structures).

Variety of ships

The names of sailing ships should be listed.

Aak is a small, single-masted, flat-bottomed vessel designed to carry small cargo.

A barque is a large ship with three to five masts. The vessel is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one scythe is attached to the aft mast.

Barquentine is a seagoing three-to-five-masted sailing ship. Most masts are equipped with forward sails. Only the bow structure has a straight sail.

A brig is a two-masted ship with a straight sail on the main and foremast and a slanting gaff sail on the main.

A brigantine is a light two-masted ship with oblique sails on the main mast and straight sails on the foremast; this type of sailing rig is called mixed.

A galleon is a large multi-deck sea vessel with powerful artillery weapons. Galleons were intended for long sea voyages and battles. Such sailing ships were quite fast and maneuverable and made up the bulk of the Spanish and English fleets.

A junk is a wooden two- to four-masted vessel that was used mainly in Southeast Asia and was intended for river or coastal sea freight transport.

Iol is a two-masted ship with oblique sails and the position of the stern mast behind the rudder axis.

A caravel is a three- to four-masted sea vessel with a mixed sailing rig, designed for sea voyages and significant cargo transportation.

Galera - this is the name of almost all sailing and rowing ships; they were used in ancient times. In addition to sailing weapons, they had one or two rows of oars.

The Karakka was a large three-masted ship used for trade and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and had an impressive cannon armament.

Catch is a small two-masted ship. It differs in the location of the stern mast in front of the rudder axis.

A frigate is a military three-masted vessel with full sailing rig. The classic frigate was created in France in the mid-eighteenth century and was a light, maneuverable vessel with good armament.

Flute is a good sea sailing vessel designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this ship was several times greater than its width, the flute could sail quite steeply into the wind, and this gave it a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable ships.

A sloop is a three-masted military ship sailing under straight sails. Used as a patrol and transport vehicle.

A schooner is a light sailing vessel that had at least two masts with slanting sails. Schooners are very easy to navigate. They were mainly used for various trade transport.

Yacht

Initially, sailing yachts were fast and light vessels used to transport high-ranking persons. Subsequently, a yacht began to be called any or simply sailing vessel intended for tourist or sporting purposes.

The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were quite fast and comfortable, which is why rich people preferred this type of sea transport. Modern sailing yachts have an outboard motor, which makes it easy to maneuver in port and sail at low speed even during complete calm. They are divided into cruising (they have a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.

Buy in store

Today, many historical sailing ships no longer exist and remain only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But don't get too upset. In the store you can purchase vessels designed for themed decor. There are also special kits and manuals for assembling sailing ships with your own hands. It is worth noting that collecting ship models is a very entertaining hobby that is gaining momentum in Russia.

The most famous and legendary sailing ships, photos and models of which are popular:

The bark Endeavor is the famous ship of James Cook, on which he sailed to the then uncharted shores of Australia and New Zealand.

“Neva” and “Nadezhda” are two sloops that circumnavigated the world for the first time in Russian history.

"Prince" is an English frigate that sank in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. It gained popularity due to rumors about the sunken treasures it carried.

The Mary Rose was the flagship of King Henry VIII of England, which tragically sank in 1545.

The Great Republic is the largest clipper ship of the nineteenth century, which was built by the famous shipbuilder Donald Mackay.

The Ariel is a British clipper ship that became famous for winning the famous “tea race” from China to London in 1866.

"Adventure" is the ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidd.

Conclusion

The age of sailing ships was a truly exciting time of adventure and romance. Sailing ships took part in numerous sea battles, sailed to uncharted shores and transported priceless treasures, which are associated with a great many legends. A huge number of literary works are devoted to ships of this type. Many famous adventure films have been made based on historical events and mystical stories involving sailing models.

Iols (yols) are small sailing and rowing ships. They were sometimes called small gunboats. A special feature of the sailing equipment of the Iols was the stern mast (mizzen), significantly lower than the front one, called not the foremast, but the mainmast. Therefore, iolas were often classified as one and a half mast ships.

In 1789 and early 1790, several dozen gunboats with a length of 13 m and an interior depth of 0.75 m were built in Sweden. The boat had 10 oars and one mast. The armament consisted of one 24-pound cannon and several falconets. Team of 24 people. In Russia, iols were built on the model of Chapman's gunner iols.

Unfortunately, these models very often have configuration errors. You are taking risks yourself. If there is a shortage, you will need to contact the manufacturer.. We won't be able to help you. Please treat this with understanding.

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The types of sailing rigs are quite varied and depend mainly on the conditions in which the ship will sail and on its size. The armament of sailing ships differs mainly in the shape of the main sails.

Large sailing ships wore (and still wear) so-called straight sails. They are trapezoidal in shape and rise on horizontal yards, positioned symmetrically to the mast and in front of it. Under such sails the ship sails well only with a fair wind; it can only go to the wind at a large angle - about 60-70. On sports yachts, straight sails are not used as the main ones, but on large cruisers, sometimes on passing courses they install a straight additional sail, called a brief.

Sports sailing yachts are equipped exclusively with oblique sails, which are located on one (rear) side of the mast and are attached to it with the leading edge. Oblique sails provide significantly better traction performance when sailing upwind than straight sails.

There are several types of oblique sails.

The quadrangular gaff sail (Fig. 12, c and 13, a) has a gaff-inclined spar, one end resting against the mast. The luff (edge) of the sail is attached to the gaff. The luff of the sail is attached to the mast, and the lower luff is attached to the boom, a horizontal spar, which is attached using a swivel (hinge). connected to the mast. A variation of the gaff sail is the guari sail with a very long gaff (often longer than the boom and even the mast) standing almost vertically.

Currently, double-cutters are used very rarely.

On small yachts, mainly on open sailing dinghies, rack or sprint sails are sometimes installed. They replace the gaff with a batten, to which the luff of the sail is tied, and its front end freely extends forward beyond the mast (Fig. 12, a), or with a sprint - a pole that stretches the sail, resting its lower end against the mast, and its upper end against the corner sails diagonally, as on the children's dinghy "Optimist" (Fig. 12, b).

About 40-50 years ago, almost all yachts were armed with gaff sails. Now triangular Bermuda sails are used, which are easier to use and provide better traction qualities.

The Bermuda sail (Fig. 12, d) does not have a gaff, which makes it easier to set. Its luff is attached to the mast, and its lower luff is the same as that of a gaff sail. - to the geek.

Based on the number of masts, yachts are divided into single-masted and double-masted. Vessels with a single mast rig are the cat, sloop and tender; with two masts - iol, ketch and schooner. Sports yachts rarely have more than two masts. An exceptional event in the practice of racing was the participation in the single-sailor race across the Atlantic in 1972 of the three-masted jib yacht-schooner “Vandredi 13” with a length of 39 m and a windage area of ​​about 100 m2.

A cat has one mast and one sail, called a mainsail. The cat's mast is placed relatively close to the bow. Cat is a very simple weapon, but it is used only on small yachts with a sail area of ​​up to 8-10 m2. With a larger windage, it is inconvenient - the sail turns out to be high, therefore the force of wind pressure on the Sails is applied relatively high. The yacht has to be made wide, with increased stability.

In the USSR and in most European countries, the cat (Fig. 12) is the dominant armament of single racing dinghies, operated by one person (for example, dinghies of the “OK”, “Optimist” and “Finn” classes).

To reduce sail height and increase stability, small and medium-sized yachts (sail area up to 60 m2) are most often equipped with a sloop (Fig. 13).

A sloop is a rig in which, in addition to the mainsail, the yacht carries another front sail, called a jib. The sloop can be gaff or Bermuda.

The Bermuda sloop is now the most common rig for small and medium-sized yachts. Among the Bermuda sloops, two varieties can be distinguished: the normal Bermuda sloop (or, as it is often called, “three-quarter”, since the staysail usually reaches 75-80% of the height of the mast) and the Bermuda sloop with a top staysail (the staysail is raised along the forestay, which goes on the very top of the mast). The first type is typical for racing yachts, and the second - for cruising and racing yachts (Fig. 13, b and c). The space between the mast and the staysail is called the fore triangle.

Rice. 14 Tenders"
A - gaff, B - Bermuda

When the sail area is more than 60-80 m2, it is divided between a large number of sails. Then they use a type of weapon called a tender. A tender (Fig. 14) carries two or more headsails in the forward triangle, which is why it differs from a sloop. These sails are called: jib (closest to the mast at the bottom), jib (in front of the jib) and jib-topsail (or fly) which is placed at the very top of the mast.

Tenders, like sloops, can be gaff or Bermuda. Gaff tenders most often have a mast that is not solid, but consists of two parts: a mast and a topmast (an extension to the mast on top that can be lowered).

Two-masted rigs (Fig. 15) are used on large cruising yachts, where to reduce roll it is important to have an even lower windage than tenders. In addition, the distribution of the total windage over several sails makes it easier for the crew to work with them, which is especially important on yachts making long voyages. The purely nautical advantages of two-masted yachts are very great: by removing certain sails you can immediately reduce windage, and by combining these sails you can adapt to a wide range of wind forces without taking reefs.

Not very large cruising yachts (50-100 m2) are in most cases armed with a boat or a catch. The Iol has a short rear mast (mizzen mast), which is mounted behind the rudder head. The sail on this mast is called a mizzen. The sails can be either gaff or Bermuda. Note that for all two-masted yachts with oblique sails, the type of rig is determined by the shape of the mainsail. So, if the sail has a gaff mainsail, it is called a gaff sail, regardless of the mizzen on it - gaff or Bermuda.The area of ​​the mizzen on the floor is usually 8-10% of the total sail area of ​​the yacht.

Rice. 15. Two-masted yachts.
A - Bermuda iol; b - jib ketch. B - gaff schooner; G - Bermuda jib schooner

The ketch differs from the yol in its larger mizzen, which has an area of ​​15-25% of the total sail area, and in that the mizzen mast stands in front of the rudder head.

Like iol, ketch can be Bermuda or gaff. Sometimes a ketch has a mainsail without a boom, with a clew located at the top of the mizzen mast. The lower gap is then filled with a large mizzen staysail. Such ketches are called staysails (Fig. 15, b). A regular ketch or sail can also have a mizzen staysail, only in this case it must be removed when moving the mainsail from one side to the other.

On a mizzen, the mizzen is more of an air rudder than a sail; in addition, in some cases, the mizzen is more convenient from the point of view of the crew’s work on deck and visibility for the helmsman.

The schooner has a rear mast higher than or equal to the front one. The forward mast of a two-masted schooner is called the foremast, and the rear mast is called the mainmast. The sails are called the foresail and the mainsail, respectively. Schooners, like other yachts, can be gaff or Bermuda. Bermuda schooners are often armed with a gaff foresail (at the same height as the Bermuda foresail, it can have a larger sail area than the latter). There is a variety of the Bermuda schooner - a staysail schooner (Fig. 15, d). This schooner does not have a foresail. The gap between the foremast and mainmast (intermast quadrangle) is filled with one or more oblique triangular sails. As a rule, schooners are used to equip the largest yachts with a sail area of ​​more than 150-200 m2.

Project of a cruising yacht with a displacement of 16.8 tons

A cruising yacht with a displacement of 16.8 tons (designed by D. A. Kurbatov) is intended for sailing on the Baltic Sea and Lake Ladoga, as well as for training trips. The main dimensions and main elements of the yacht meet the requirements for the seaworthy class of yachts for the 1958 classification.

Two types of sailing rigs have been developed: iol and ketch. The iol-type rig with a top staysail provides improved performance and is easier to control.

The yacht is a smooth-deck vessel with a deckhouse at the stern. There are 10 berths (including the captain's cabin) and a spare berth in the galley.

The yacht's household equipment includes a galley with a gas stove, a boat-type latrine, cabinets, lockers and a fresh water system.

1 - after peak; 2 - cockpit; 3 - cutting; 4 - galley; 5 - cabin; 6 - latrine;
7 - bow cabin; 8 - fore hatch.

An option has been developed for installing an M51-U auxiliary engine with an angular reverse gearbox with a power of 62 hp. With. at 1650 rpm. A fuel supply of 300 liters ensures a cruising range of up to 100 miles at 8 knots.

The yacht's hull has sharp contours. Overall completeness coefficient δ = 0.22; longitudinal coefficient of completeness φ = 0.53 and relative length L/D 1/3 = 4.3. The shape of the hull will ensure sufficient stability and propulsion of the yacht.

All-welded steel body St. 3. The dialing system is transverse. The thickness of the outer skin is 4 mm; spacing - 400 mm. Deck flooring 3 mm thick made of steel St. 3 is covered with mastic or wood.