Vessel tenders. Tenders for vessels Gender is not a tender

Part II
Tender (boat) (The Cutter)

A single-masted vessel, predominantly with a slanting sail, but with a straight topsail and a lower straight sail.
. Oblique sailing rig allows the ship to sail closer in a steep close-hauled environment than ships with straight sailing rigs.
. Deep draft for such a small boat.
. Heavily armed for a vessel of her size.
. For military use only

pic: sailboat tender

The tender began in Britain in the second quarter of the 18th century. Howard Chapel, in his book Finding Speed ​​Under Sail, writes, "The British tender was most likely built before 1727, as the image of the Harwich tender is dated from that time." The tender originated from the mizzen yacht, which was a single-masted, shallow-draft vessel with a gaff rig and a triangular staysail, a long bowsprit from which the jib could be extended. Due solely to its shallow draft, this vessel sailed easily in shallow water; the mizzen yacht had daggers, devices attached to each side so that they could be lowered down like a keel, in order to avoid excessive drift of the ship when sailing under the wind. In England, where the waters are not as shallow as in Holland, an exact copy was built, but with a deeper draft so that there was no swerve. The hull was also widened to give the vessel greater stability in the rough waters of the English Channel. The description of the word "tender", originally applied to the hull shape, was more closely associated with the town of Folkestone in south-eastern Kent near Dover, where the drawings were presumably made, while the rigging remained the same as on the mizzen. -yacht. The original characteristic of the tender was its lightweight, sheathed hull. Later, ships appeared with the name "caravel" or sheathed at the top within lower frames and caravels at the top. “Lapped” means that the planks of the hull were overlapped. The "caravel" design means that the connection was made "butt joint". The frames were thick logs that were laid around the ship along the line of each of the decks. These were used to provide a secure anchorage for the heavy bolts that supported the deck. The lower frames would be just above the waterline. A few years later, straight sails were added over the gaff mainsail to provide greater speed, and the vessel was fitted with an additional jib from the bowsprit.

Although the tender looks a bit like a sloop, it can still be easily recognized. The length to beam ratio of the tender was approximately 2.5:1, while the sloop's ratio was more appropriate for a ship and was approximately 3.5:1. The tender had sleeker lines than the sloop and carried less freeboard, allowing for more pressure on the sails. But it was the spar and rigging of the tender that made it possible to clearly distinguish it from a sloop. The tender had a single topmast and a separate topmast, while the sloop had separate topmasts. The sloop also had a steeply curved fixed bowsprit on the centerline, where the tender had a nearly horizontal bowsprit attached to one side of the stem head, which was on the inside of the vessel. The tender's lower mast was also longer in relation to the overall height allowing for the larger gaff mainsail. A sloop usually had only one jib, while a tender had two or more. Finally, the sloop, mainly the Bermuda sloop, had a more significant mast angle, and the tender mast was more vertical. So what does all this mean? And the fact that the tender was built “for speed.”

These new Folkestone tenders immediately became the favorites of smugglers due to their speed, agility and low crew requirements, and by the mid-1740s the term "smuggling tender" had become firmly attached to them. Smuggling tenders became so widespread that the British government in 1744 adopted tenders into the Customs Service to combat smugglers and prohibited any merchant tender from wearing a spar higher than those on revenue ships. This was done to ensure that no smuggler could escape inspection. The tenders were so good at collecting customs duties that in 1745 the British Admiralty accepted the Folkestone Tenders for service as coastal scouts, coastal cruisers and advice ships. The fleet of tenders accepted for service was finally replenished in 1762 with purchased ships, and by October 1764 it already amounted to 38 tenders according to the registers of the Naval Forces.

Previously, the tenders hired by the Customs Service had a crew of no more than thirty people and had on board from six to eight guns and several swivels. One of the first ships to become available to the Navy was the Fly, purchased in 1763. It was a vessel 52 feet long, 21 feet wide, displaced 8 feet, and weighed only 79 tons. On board it was possible to place 12 cannons, probably three-pound ones, and equip them with eight holes for long oars on each side. Also in 1763, the British Navy began designing its own tenders. Four were built at Plymouth shipyards, and a further three by agreement at Folkestone and Broadstairs shipyards. All ships built ranged from 48 to 55 feet in length and weighed from 75 to 85 tons, carrying from four to six cannons.

Meanwhile, the qualities that made both smugglers and navies fall in love with the tender have not escaped attention in foreign ports. In 1747, the Admiralty of Amsterdam ordered the purchase of two tenders from England, and paid for the construction of two more in Holland by agreement. In 1756, a shipbuilder in Dunkirk personally assembled a small cut-up tender as a coast guard vessel. Named "Tiercelet", the tender was nothing more remarkable, except that it could carry six four-pound cannons on board. The French Navy did not want to scrap the tender design until 1770, when an order was placed for eight tenders at Dunkirk and Bordeaux. One of them, "La Puce", represented the other seven. She was 48 feet long, 19 feet wide, had a displacement of 7 feet, and weighed 67 tons. On board there were 6 three-pound cannons, ten swivels and it was equipped with nine holes for long oars on each side. Chapman, the great Swedish architect, noticed the advantages and designed a lighter model of the British tender "Fly", and included sketches in 1765 in his work entitled "Architectura Navalis Mercatoria".

For whatever reason, naval personnel throughout history have never been content with little. And this fact was clearly illustrated by the end of the 18th century. British naval tenders of the 1770s reached 70 feet in length and weighed about 180 tons. They could carry 12 four-pounder guns and were strong enough to be considered sloops of war for some time in the navy. The sad thing was that the sails and rigging of single-masted ships were extremely difficult to control. Fortunately, British naval designers have finally come to their senses and returned to the production of what has already “proven itself.” This time the French went the furthest. In 1779 they built the Leverette. The ship was 86 feet long, 30 feet wide, had a displacement of 9 feet, and weighed 300 tons. It carried 18 six-pound guns, not counting the swivels. However, the captains of such “colosses” complained so loudly to their bosses that in 1781 such tenders had to be abandoned. The Danes won the case, as they were the ones who designed the largest existing tender that served in the navy. In the Scheepvarrt Museum in Amsterdam there are two copies of sketches of tenders measuring 92 feet long, 30 feet wide, displacing 12 feet and weighing 400 tons. According to J. Vlaming's plans, it could accommodate 24 six-pound guns. However, it is unknown whether at least one of these “monsters” was built.

Although leaving behind the desire to reproduce the “monsters” of the 1770s, naval designers still continued to “chase” size. Eventually, their growing size dictated that the enormous sail area required to sail alongside the smugglers' ships had to be split into two masts. Some tenders were already fitted with small mizzens, stepped for long tacks, and by 1780 these large tenders gave impetus to the construction of two masts with gaff sails on both masts and an additional square sail on the foremast, as well as topsails on both. These two-masted tenders immediately appealed to the Commercial Shipping Services, as they could be armed well enough to repel smuggler ships. The tender's hull was still too distinctive, so the addition of a second mast gave it the "title" of tender - brig. One of these ships, Cameleon, was purchased in 1781. The ship was 85 feet long, 30 feet wide, displaced 9 feet and weighed 268 tons. The ship was armed with 16 six-pound cannons. On August 14, at about 9 o'clock, the Cameleon, under the command of William O'Brien Drury, with 125 crew, came across a huge Dutch lugger, armed with 18 guns and 20 swivels. The close combat lasted for half an hour, when suddenly, quite suddenly, the lugger exploded. The shock was so obvious that people on the Cameleon tender were simply knocked off their feet, and when the smoke cleared, it was clear that the topsails of the tender were on fire, and they had to be torn off the yards in order to save the ship. Human remains and mutilated corpses of the Dutch lay everywhere on the deck and rigging. Captain Drury sent lifeboats to search for those from the crew who could miraculously escape, but no miracle happened. There were 12 wounded on Cameleon. By 1814, 53 tenders were listed in the Navy registers. The identification of tenders with speed was so strong that eventually “tendering” eventually came to mean “fine-line” and “fast” to seafarers around the world.

In his book History of the British Naval Forces 1793 - 1827, William James described the following event, which took place in 1803. Nationalities and associations are indicated in brackets for ease of understanding:
“At 9.00 a.m. on the 31st October, while the [British] frigate Leda, accompanied by the sloops of war Lark and Harpy, having left Etaples [France], was desperately fighting a strong east-south-east wind, trying to get to shore, a huge [French] brig with cannons on board (as they said, with 12 long 24-pounders), with six schooners and sloops under its cover, was leaving the port at the same time. Captain Honeyman [of the frigate Leda] immediately signaled for the sloops Harpy and Lark to give chase. However, almost at the same time, the British tender "Admiral-Mitchell", with 12 twelve-pounder guns and 12 carronades, with 35 sailors on board, under the command of Lieutenant Alexander Shippard, was hired near Boulogne, the port to which the ships sailed , at 10 a.m. he gave the order to the brig with guns to begin military operations where the artillery of the ship Portet was located. After two and a half hours of battle, the tender was already driving the brig with guns and one of the sloops to the shore [where they crashed].
The mast and begin-yard of the Admiral-Mitchell tender were damaged in several places by the frame that fell on board, and its sails and rigging were heavily cut by grapeshot: the tender also had one of its carronades unusable, and the hull was hit by gunfire in several places. Fortunately, however, the damage to the tender was not too great: two were seriously wounded and the same number were lightly wounded. The strong wind from the shore did not give the small British squadron any opportunity to prove itself in the battle; this incident, of course, did credit to Lieutenant Shippard, as well as to the officers and crew of the Admiral-Mitchell tender.”
Article written by Lawrence D. Davis (Carmagen)

COMPARABLE SHIPS

Captains who like the sailing characteristics of tenders, and who would accept a lighter rig in order to obtain a shallow draft, will, of course, prefer a sloop.
The tender is the most powerful type of single-masted ship, so captains who want to place as many guns on the ship as possible are better off looking for a completely different vehicle:

A less armed, but more similar vessel with a slanting sail, may be a large schooner.
. A more armed and risky three-masted ship with slanting sails could be a xebek - the most preferred vessel option for villains.
. Properly armed and armored warships are a step up in terms of size and power, but their straight sail rig will be a significant change for those accustomed to the flexible rigging of a tender.

TACTICS

Like the piranha, the tender also has a horribly disproportionate "bite". This trait, combined with speed and agility, makes the vessel exceptional for its purpose - chasing baddies or completing solo missions.

Military or pirate, the tender can easily defeat both a sloop and a schooner. With up to 12 guns on board and several dozen crew members, the tender even strikes fear into large merchant ships, such as ketches and flutes.

The biggest problem facing a tender captain is how to catch smaller than the ship's prey. Most of the weaker "targets" are also forward-rigged ships, which means they will also be able to sail close to the direction of the wind. Speed ​​and maneuverability will be almost the same, moreover, smaller vessels have the opportunity to flee in the shallows, where the deep draft of the tenders does not allow them to keep up. All these factors indicate that the captain of the tender must be a cunning and patient person in order to “catch his mouse like a cat.” A wise tender captain will prefer to know in detail all the bays and shoals of the island in order to find such an ambush place from which not a single victim can escape.

The tender is in the enviable position of being able to outrun anything that could harm it in battle - it is this trait that prohibits the use of such vessels for any purpose other than military. However, like all ships, tenders have their own limitations. Thanks to its short hull and large sail area, the tender can reach impressive speeds in light winds, and its deep draft allows it to stay firmly on the water, so it can sail easily even in slightly rough seas. But, like all small boats, even a seaworthy tender can run into trouble in bad weather.

In general, the tender is a light warship, but still a military one. Whether a smuggler or a military officer, no one should underestimate the strength and toughness of a tender, especially under the command of a seasoned captain.

A single-masted sailing vessel about 70 feet long. and 200 tone. displacement. The mast has no slope, and a long horizontal bowsprit protrudes from the bow, which can be moved inside the vessel in fresh winds. Sail: slanting mainsail, briefsail, topsail and several jibs. Now T. are not used in navies.

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  Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

• - part of a steam locomotive in the form of a separate carriage, attached to the locomotive and used to store on it supplies of water and fuel, as well as auxiliary devices necessary for the operation of the locomotive...

  Technical railway dictionary

• - 1) competitive bidding, open or closed, for a limited number of participants, competitive form of order placement...

  Economic dictionary

• - 1. written proposal, application, offer; 2. application for subscription to securities, trading; 3. notice of intention to supply goods under a fixed-term contract; 4...

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• - Written proposal, application, offer. Application for subscription to securities, trading. Notice of intention to supply goods under a fixed-term contract...

  Librarian's terminological dictionary on socio-economic topics

• - 1) bidding. At an auction, contracts are usually concluded by those persons from whom the highest bid was received. At the competition, an agreement is concluded with the winner who offers the most favorable conditions...

  Encyclopedia of Lawyer

• - 1. A small sporting single-masted sailing vessel with or without a topmast, with one mainsail, and sometimes with a gaff topsail and a foresail, which are attached to the stem by means of stays...

  Marine dictionary

• - - an offer received during bidding. - notice upon delivery of goods on the futures exchange...

  Financial Dictionary

• - 1) application proposal notification goods equipment services trader price right request about the possibility and conditions of ship repair, sent to ship repair companies...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - a single-masted sailing vessel about 70 feet long. and 200 tone. displacement. The mast has no slope, and a long horizontal bowsprit protrudes from the bow, which can be moved inside the vessel in fresh winds...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - 1) usually a three-, four-, six-axle carriage with reserves of water and fuel attached to a Steam Locomotive. Sometimes auxiliary devices are placed on the T. 2) A small single-mast sailing ship...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Borrowing. in the 19th century from English. language, where tender - from attender “accompanying” - from attend “to accompany”...

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• - husband. single-masted seaworthy vessel. Tender rig, two straight sails, a gaff sail with a topsail behind, and forward sails. | Locomotive tender, cart with water and coal, behind the locomotive...

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• - TENDER, husband. A special carriage coupled to the locomotive for fuel, water, tools, or the rear part of the locomotive adapted for this...

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• - TENDER, tender, husband. . 1. A specially designed carriage with a supply of fuel, water and other materials, attached directly to the locomotive. 2...

  Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

"Tender ship" in books

Tender

Tender However, as has already been noted, all good things must come to an end. The summer of 2003 arrived. Pavlenkova went on vacation - she was from Tashkent and really loved taking vacations in hot weather. But I’m from the Urals and don’t like the heat. That's why I left Moscow in the spring and

2. Gender in communication studies