Winter Palace: wiki: Facts about Russia. History of the Winter Palace. Help In what year was the Winter Palace founded?

The Winter Palace on Palace Square in St. Petersburg is the main attraction of the northern capital, serving as the official winter residence of the Russian emperors from 1762 to 1904. The palace has no equal in St. Petersburg in terms of the richness and variety of architectural and sculptural decoration.

To get around all the exhibits in the Hermitage, you will need to spend 11 years of your life and walk 22 kilometers. All St. Petersburg residents know well: in the main museum of the city on the first floor there is the Egyptian Hall, on the third floor there are the Impressionists. City guests are also aware.

How will we surprise you? You can try with facts:

№1. The Hermitage is huge... Like the territory of a huge country ruled by the Tsar, the autocrat of all Rus', right from the walls of this luxurious palace. 1057 rooms, 117 staircases, 1945 windows. The total length of the main cornice bordering the building is almost 2 km.

№2. The total number of sculptures installed on the Winter Palace parapet is 176 pieces. You can count the number of vases yourself.

№3. The main palace of the Russian Empire was built by more than 4,000 masons and plasterers, marble makers and stucco makers, parquet floorers and painters. Receiving an insignificant payment for their work, they huddled in miserable shacks, many lived here, on the square, in huts.

№4. From 1754 to 1762, construction of the palace building took place, which at that time became the tallest residential building in St. Petersburg. For a long time... Empress Elizaveta Petrovna died without settling into the new mansions. Peter III accepted 60,000 square meters of new housing.

№5. After the completion of the Winter Palace, the entire area in front of it was littered with construction debris. Emperor Peter III decided to get rid of it in an original way - he ordered it to be announced to the people that anyone could take anything they wanted from the square, for free. After a few hours, all the debris was cleared.

№6. The garbage was removed - a new problem. In 1837 the palace burned down. The entire imperial family was left homeless. However, 6,000 unknown workers saved the situation, working day and night, and within 15 months the palace was completely restored. True, the price of a labor feat is several hundred ordinary workers...

№7. The Winter Palace was constantly repainted in different colors. It was both red and pink. It acquired its original pale green color in 1946.

№8. The Winter Palace is an absolutely monumental building. It was intended to reflect the power and greatness of the Russian Empire. It is estimated that there are 1,786 doors, 1,945 windows and 117 staircases. The length of the main facade is 150 meters and the height is 30.

The history of the Winter Palace begins with the reign of Peter I.

The very first, then still Winter House, was built for Peter I in 1711 on the banks of the Neva. The first Winter Palace was two-story, with a tiled roof and a high porch. In 1719-1721, the architect Georg Mattornovi built a new palace for Peter I.

Empress Anna Ioannovna considered the Winter Palace too small and did not want to live in it. She entrusted the construction of the new Winter Palace to the architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. For new construction, the houses of Count Apraksin, Raguzinsky and Chernyshev, located on the embankment of the Neva River, as well as the building of the Maritime Academy were purchased. They were demolished, and in their place by 1735 a new Winter Palace was built. At the end of the 18th century, the Hermitage Theater was erected on the site of the old palace.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna also wished to remodel the imperial residence to her taste. The construction of the new palace was entrusted to the architect Rastrelli. The design of the Winter Palace created by the architect was signed by Elizaveta Petrovna on June 16, 1754.

In the summer of 1754, Elizaveta Petrovna issued a personal decree to begin construction of the palace. The required amount - about 900 thousand rubles - was taken from the "tavern" money (collection from the drinking trade). The previous palace was dismantled. During construction, the courtyard moved to a temporary wooden palace built by Rastrelli on the corner of Nevsky and Moika.

The palace was distinguished by its incredible size for those times, lavish exterior decoration and luxurious interior decoration.

The Winter Palace is a three-story building, rectangular in plan, with a huge front courtyard inside. The main facades of the palace face the embankment and the square that was formed later.

When creating the Winter Palace, Rastrelli designed each facade differently, based on specific conditions. The northern facade, facing the Neva, stretches like a more or less even wall, without noticeable protrusions. From the river side, it is perceived as an endless two-tiered colonnade. The southern façade, facing Palace Square and having seven divisions, is the main one. Its center is highlighted by a wide, lavishly decorated risalit, cut through by three entrance arches. Behind them is the front courtyard, where in the middle of the northern building there was the main entrance to the palace.

Along the perimeter of the palace roof there is a balustrade with vases and statues (the original stone ones were replaced by a brass knockout in 1892-1894).

The length of the palace (along the Neva) is 210 meters, width - 175 meters, height - 22 meters. The total area of ​​the palace is 60 thousand square meters, it has more than 1000 halls, 117 different staircases.

The palace had two chains of state halls: along the Neva and in the center of the building. In addition to the state rooms, on the second floor there were living quarters for members of the imperial family. The first floor was occupied by utility and service premises. The upper floor mainly housed the apartments of the courtiers.

About four thousand employees lived here, they even had their own army - palace grenadiers and guards from the guards regiments. The palace had two churches, a theater, a museum, a library, a garden, an office, and a pharmacy. The halls of the palace were decorated with gilded carvings, luxurious mirrors, chandeliers, candelabra, and patterned parquet flooring.

Under Catherine II, a winter garden was organized in the Palace, where both northern and plants brought from the south grew, and the Romanov Gallery; At the same time, the formation of St. George's Hall was completed. Under Nicholas I, a gallery of 1812 was organized, where 332 portraits of participants in the Patriotic War were placed. The architect Auguste Montferrand added the Peter and Field Marshal halls to the palace.

In 1837, there was a fire in the Winter Palace. Many things were saved, but the building itself was badly damaged. But thanks to the architects Vasily Stasov and Alexander Bryullov, the building was restored within two years.

In 1869, gas lighting appeared in the palace instead of candlelight. Since 1882, the installation of telephones in premises began. In the 1880s, a water supply system was built in the Winter Palace. At Christmas 1884-1885, electric lighting was tested in the halls of the Winter Palace; from 1888, gas lighting was gradually replaced by electric lighting. For this purpose, a power plant was built in the second hall of the Hermitage, which for 15 years was the largest in Europe.

In 1904, Emperor Nicholas II moved from the Winter Palace to the Tsarskoye Selo Alexander Palace. The Winter Palace became the place for ceremonial receptions, state dinners, and the place where the Tsar stayed during short visits to the city.

Throughout the history of the Winter Palace as an imperial residence, its interiors were remodeled in accordance with fashion trends. The building itself changed the color of its walls several times. The Winter Palace was painted red, pink, and yellow. Before the First World War, the palace was painted red brick.

During the First World War, there was an infirmary in the building of the Winter Palace. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government worked in the Winter Palace. In the post-revolutionary years, various departments and institutions were located in the Winter Palace building. In 1922, part of the building was transferred to the Hermitage Museum.

In 1925 - 1926, the building was rebuilt again, this time for the needs of the museum.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Winter Palace suffered from air raids and artillery shelling. In the basements of the palace there was a dispensary for scientists and cultural figures who suffered from dystrophy. In 1945-1946, restoration work was carried out, at which time the entire Winter Palace became part of the Hermitage.

Currently, the Winter Palace, together with the Hermitage Theatre, the Small, New and Large Hermitages, forms a single museum complex, the State Hermitage.

Where did the tradition of dividing royal houses into winter and summer come from? The roots of this phenomenon can be found back in the days of the Muscovite kingdom. It was then that the tsars first began to leave the walls of the Kremlin for the summer and go to breathe the air in Izmailovskoye or Kolomenskoye. Peter I carried this tradition to the new capital. The Emperor's Winter Palace stood on the site where the modern building is located, and the Summer Palace can be found in the Summer Garden. It was built under the direction of Trezzini and is essentially a small two-story house with 14 rooms.

From the house to the palace

The history of the creation of the Winter Palace is no secret to anyone: Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, a great lover of luxury, in 1752 ordered the architect Rastrelli to build for herself the most beautiful palace in Russia. But it was not built from scratch: before that, on the territory where the Hermitage Theater is now located, there was a small winter palace of Peter I. The Great’s house was replaced by the wooden palace of Anna Ioannovna, which was built under the leadership of Trezzini. But the building was not luxurious enough, so the Empress, who returned St. Petersburg to the status of the capital, chose a new architect - Rastrelli. This was Rastrelli Sr., the father of the famous Francesco Bartolomeo. For almost 20 years, the new palace became the residence of the imperial family. And then the very Winter one that we know today appeared - the fourth in a row.

The tallest building in St. Petersburg

When Elizaveta Petrovna wanted to build a new palace, the architect, in order to save money, planned to use the previous building for the base. But the empress demanded that the height of the palace be increased from 14 to 22 two meters. Rastrelli redesigned the building several times, but Elizabeth did not want to move the construction site, so the architect had to simply demolish the old palace and build a new one in its place. Only in 1754 did the empress approve the project.

Interestingly, for a long time the Winter Palace remained the tallest building in St. Petersburg. In 1762, a decree was even issued prohibiting the construction of buildings higher than the imperial residence in the capital. It was because of this decree that the Singer company at the beginning of the 20th century had to abandon its idea of ​​​​building a skyscraper for itself on Nevsky Prospect, like in New York. As a result, a tower was built over six floors with an attic and decorated with a globe, creating the impression of height.

Elizabethan Baroque

The palace was built in the so-called Elizabethan Baroque style. It is a quadrangle with a large courtyard. The building is decorated with columns, platbands, and the roof balustrade is lined with dozens of luxurious vases and statues. But the building was rebuilt several times, Quarenghi, Montferrand, Rossi worked on the interior decoration at the end of the 18th century, and after the infamous fire of 1837 - Stasov and Bryullov, so the Baroque elements were not preserved everywhere. Details of the lush style remained in the interior of the famous main Jordan Staircase. It got its name from Jordan Passage, which was located nearby. Through him, on the feast of the Epiphany, the imperial family and the highest clergy went to the ice hole in the Neva. This ceremony was traditionally called the “march to the Jordan.” Baroque details are also preserved in the decoration of the Great Church. But the church was ruined, and now only a large lampshade by Fontebasso depicting the Resurrection of Christ reminds of its purpose.

In 1762, Catherine II ascended the throne, who did not like Rastrelli’s pompous style. The architect was dismissed, and new craftsmen took over the interior decoration. They destroyed the Throne Hall and erected a new Neva Enfilade. Under the leadership of Quarenghi, the St. George, or Great Throne Hall, was created. For it, a small extension had to be made to the eastern façade of the palace. At the end of the 19th century, the Red Boudoir, the Golden Living Room and the Library of Nicholas II appeared.

Hard days of the Revolution

In the first days of the Revolution of 1917, sailors and workers stole a huge amount of the Winter Palace's treasures. Only a few days later the Soviet government realized to take the building under protection. A year later, the palace was given over to the Museum of the Revolution, so some of the interiors were rebuilt. For example, the Romanov Gallery, where portraits of all the emperors and members of their families were located, was destroyed, and films began to be shown in the Nicholas Hall. In 1922, part of the building went to the Hermitage, and only by 1946 the entire Winter Palace became part of the museum.

During the Great Patriotic War, the palace building was damaged by air raids and artillery shelling. With the outbreak of the war, most of the exhibits exhibited in the Winter Palace were sent for storage to the Ipatiev Mansion, the same one where the family of Emperor Nicholas II was shot. About 2,000 people lived in the Hermitage bomb shelters. They tried their best to preserve the exhibits remaining within the walls of the palace. Sometimes they had to fish out china and chandeliers floating in flooded basements.

Furry guards

Not only did the water threaten to ruin the art, but also the voracious rats. The first mustachioed army for the Winter Palace was sent from Kazan in 1745. Catherine II did not like cats, but she left the striped protectors at court in the status of “guards of art galleries.” During the blockade, all the cats in the city died, which is why the rats multiplied and began to spoil the interiors of the palace. After the war, 5 thousand cats were brought to the Hermitage, which quickly dealt with the tailed pests.

in St. Petersburg (Palace Square, 2 / Palace Embankment, 38) - a former imperial palace, currently part of the Main Museum Complex of the State Hermitage. The current building of the palace (the fifth) was built in 1754-1762 by the Italian architect B. F. Rastrelli in the style of magnificent Elizabethan Baroque with elements of French Rococo in the interiors. It is a cultural heritage site of federal significance and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the historical center of St. Petersburg.

History of Winter

From the end of construction in 1762 to 1904, it was used as the official winter residence of the Russian emperors. In 1904, Nicholas II moved his permanent residence to the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo. From October 1915 to November 1917, a hospital named after Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich operated in the palace. From July to November 1917, the palace housed the Provisional Government. In January 1920, the State Museum of the Revolution was opened in the palace, sharing the building with the State Hermitage until 1941.

and Palace Square form a beautiful architectural ensemble of the modern city and are one of the main objects of domestic and international tourism.

Fifth (existing)

Southern facade on Palace Square

From 1754 to 1762, construction took place on the existing palace building, which at that time became the tallest residential building in St. Petersburg. The building included about 1,500 rooms. The total area of ​​the palace is about 60,000 sq.m. Elizaveta Petrovna did not live to see the completion of construction; Peter III took over the work on April 6, 1762. By this time, the decoration of the facades was completed, but many of the interior spaces were not yet ready. In the summer of 1762, Peter III was overthrown from the throne, and construction of the Winter Palace was completed under Catherine II.
First of all, the Empress removed Rastrelli from his work. The interior decoration of the palace was carried out by the architects Yu. M. Felten, J. B. Vallin-Delamot and A. Rinaldi under the direction of Betsky.

According to the original layout of the palace, made by Rastrelli, the largest state rooms were located on the 2nd floor and overlooked the Neva. According to the architect’s plan, the path to the huge “Throne” hall (which occupied the entire space of the north-western wing) began from the east - from the “Jordan” or, as it was previously called, “Ambassador” staircase and ran through a suite of five outer halls ( Of these, the three middle halls later formed the current Nicholas Hall). Rastrelli placed the palace theater “Opera House” in the southwestern wing. Kitchens and other services occupied the north-eastern wing, and in the south-eastern part there was a gallery between the living quarters and the “Big Church” built in the eastern courtyard.

History of the Winter Palace

In 1763, the Empress moved her chambers to the southwestern part of the palace; under her rooms, she ordered the chambers of her favorite G. G. Orlov to be placed (in 1764-1766, the Southern Pavilion of the Small Hermitage would be built for Orlov, connected to Catherine’s chambers by a gallery on the arch ). In the northwestern risalit, the “Throne Hall” was equipped, and a waiting room appeared in front of it - the “White Hall”. A dining room was located behind the White Hall. The “Light Study” was adjacent to it. The dining room was followed by the “Grand Bedchamber,” which a year later became the “Diamond Chamber.” In addition, the Empress ordered to equip herself with a library, an office, a boudoir, two bedrooms and a restroom. In the restroom, the empress built a toilet seat from the throne of one of her lovers, the Polish king Poniatowski. In 1764, in Berlin, through agents, Catherine acquired a collection of 225 works by Dutch and Flemish artists from the merchant I. Gotzkovsky. The paintings were placed in secluded apartments of the palace, which received the French name “Hermitage” (place of solitude); from 1767 to 1775 a special building was built for them east of the palace.

In the 1780-1790s, work on finishing the palace interiors was continued by I. E. Starov and G. Quarenghi.
In 1783, by decree of Catherine, the palace theater was demolished.
In the 1790s, by decree of Catherine II, who considered it inappropriate for the public to enter the Hermitage through her own chambers, a gallery-bridge with the Winter Palace - the “Apollo Hall” - was created, through which visitors could bypass the royal apartments. At the same time, Quarenghi erected the new “Throne (St. George)” hall, opened in 1795. The old throne room was converted into a series of rooms provided for chambers for the newly married Grand Duke Alexander. A “Marble Gallery” (of three halls) was also created.
In 1826, according to the design of K. I. Rossi, a Military Gallery was built in front of St. George's Hall, which housed 330 portraits of generals who took part in the War of 1812, painted by D. Doe over almost 10 years. In the early 1830s, in the eastern building of the palace, O. Montferrand designed the “Field Marshal’s”, “Peter’s” and “Armorial” halls.

After the fire of 1837, when all the interiors were destroyed, restoration work in the Winter Palace was led by architects V.P. Stasov, A.P. Bryullov and A.E. Staubert.

Winter Palace on Palace Square - the former royal residence, a symbol of the Elizabethan Baroque architectural style, the largest palace in St. Petersburg. Since the first Soviet years, the most famous museum in Russia, the State Hermitage, has been operating here.

The first Winter Palaces. Winter Palace of Anna Ioannovna

On the site of the world-famous St. Petersburg Winter Palace, the first building appeared under Peter I. In June-July 1705, a wooden house of Admiral Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin was built in the northwestern corner of the site occupied by the current palace. It was designed by the architect Domenico Trezzini. The place was chosen by the admiral, among other things, because of the rules of the “fortification esplanade”. They required that the nearest building be located at a distance of at least 200 fathoms (1 fathom = approximately 2.1 meters) from the fortress, that is, from the Admiralty.

The house of the Olonets commandant I. Ya. Yakovlev, who from January 1705 supervised the construction of the shipyard and the preparation of supplies for it, was immediately attached to Apraksin’s house. On June 28, Meshchersky notified Yakovlev: " According to the drawing, your 13 closets were cut down side by side and placed on moss, the underside bridge was paved, the upper ceiling was paved"[Quoted from 5: p. 33].

Yakovlev died on January 22, 1707. The same time in many sources is indicated as the year of the appearance of the house of A.V. Kikin to the south of Apraksin’s house, who continued the work of Yakovlev. It can be assumed that Kikin occupied Yakovlev’s site. Apraksin's house, as the first one built on Palace Embankment, set its red line. Kikin's house marked the northern border of Admiralty Meadow (future Palace Square).

It is worth noting that Peter I and Catherine I did not live here. Peter's first Winter Palace was built on the site of house No. 32 on Palace Embankment, where the Hermitage Theater is now located. This building was rebuilt several times; the founder of St. Petersburg died in it.

Apraksin's house was rebuilt in stone in 1712. Soon he ceased to suit the admiral, who wanted to live in more luxurious surroundings. Construction that began in 1716 determined the new red line of the future Palace Embankment. It was moved closer to the river by about 50 meters. The famous architect Leblon, who arrived in St. Petersburg in November of the same year, agreed to design a two-story Apraksin palace “in the French style.” Due to his constant workload, Leblond was unable to complete this project. The construction plan was reworked by the architect Fyodor Vasiliev. At the same time, he added a third floor to the building and slightly redesigned its facade. At the same time, areas to the east of the admiral’s possession were allocated to S.V. Raguzinsky, P.I. Yaguzhinsky and Major General G. Chernyshev.

After Kikin’s execution, the Maritime Academy, founded in 1715, was located in his house. But since the premises received by the educational institution turned out to be cramped for it, in 1716 an additional mud hut building was added to the building. In April 1718, Apraksin indicated " the academic yard that was Kikina, complete construction"[Quoted from: 5, p. 91].

The house of the Prosecutor General of the Senate P.I. Yaguzhinsky was built by order of Peter I at public expense. In June 1716, F. Vasiliev received a contract for its construction according to the design of the architect Mattarnovi. By the end of the construction season, he undertook to construct the building with the exception of plastering work, for which he received a deposit of 1,198 rubles. But by autumn the workers only managed to lay the foundations. Over the winter, the foundation of the house deteriorated so much that in June 1717 Vasiliev was ordered to redo everything. At the same time, the architect’s property was described, and in December Vasiliev was removed from work. From October 1718 to April 1720, he was kept in chains in the courtyard of the Office of City Affairs. The Yaguzhinsky Palace was completed by Mattarnovi, and after his death by N.F. Gerbel. Construction of the building was completed in 1721.

In 1725, the newlywed Duke of Holstein and the daughter of Peter I Anna temporarily lived in the Apraksin Palace. They were the first to occupy the “half” for high-ranking persons in these chambers. Kammer-junker Berchholtz, who was here, noted that he:

“the largest and most beautiful in all of St. Petersburg, moreover, it stands on the Bolshaya Neva and has a very pleasant location. The entire house is furnished superbly and in the latest fashion, so that the king could live decently in it...”

The last words of Berchholtz's quote turned out to be prophetic. In 1728, the admiral died. He bequeathed his property to his relatives. Apraksin was related to the Romanovs; he was the brother of Queen Martha, the second wife of his elder brother Peter I. Therefore, something should have gone to the young Emperor Peter II. The admiral bequeathed his St. Petersburg palace to him. However, Peter II never lived here, as he moved to Moscow.

With the accession of Empress Anna Ioannovna to the throne, St. Petersburg was returned to the capital status selected by Peter II. The new ruler needed to establish her residence here. The Winter Palace of Peter I did not satisfy Anna Ioannovna’s tastes and in 1731 she decided to settle in the Apraksin Palace. She first entrusted its reconstruction to Domenico Trezzini. Work began on December 27, 1731. For greater speed, the church and chambers began to be cut from logs. But soon Anna Ioannovna replaced Trezzini with another architect - Rastrelli. It was he who could satisfy the empress’s desire to live among splendor and luxury. Before the departure of the royal court from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Rastrelli provided a ready-made project, which was approved and began to be implemented on April 18, 1732.

The main architect of Anna Ioannovna's Winter House was not the famous Francesco Bartolomeo, but his father Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli. The son only helped his father, later taking credit for this work. This is indicated by the following message from Jacob Stehlin:

"Rastrelli, Cavaliero del Ordine di Salvador of the Pope, built a large wing to the house of Admiral Apraksin, as well as a large hall, gallery and court theater.
His son had to destroy everything and build a new winter palace on this site for Empress Elizabeth" [Quoted from 2, p. 329].

The house of the Maritime Academy (Kikin's house) was demolished for the new construction. This was necessary in order to arrange the main facade of the royal residence from the side of the Admiralty. From the Neva side, it could not be formalized due to the fact that the Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky plots located on the east had not yet been purchased. Their demolition, unlike the demolition of the Naval Academy building, would take more time.

On May 3, 1732, a decree was issued to allocate 200,000 rubles for the construction of the palace. On May 27, the groundbreaking ceremony took place. Construction proceeded very quickly. By August 22, the brick walls were ready, and painting and painting work began in November. The artistic decoration of Anna Ioannovna's winter palace was carried out by Louis Caravaque, and the carpentry work was carried out by the Frenchman Jean Michel.

The new third Winter Palace was completely ready in 1735, although Anna Ioannovna spent the winter of 1733-1734 here. From then on, this building became the ceremonial imperial residence for 20 years, and Rastrelli in 1738 became the chief architect of the court of Her Imperial Majesty.

In the premises of the former Apraksin palace, Rastrelli designed the imperial chambers. The facade of this house was not touched, it was only brought under a common roof with the new building. The length of the façade on the Admiralty side was 185 meters. In the newly built end building there were two enfilades: the windows of the rooms of the first enfilade looked out onto the courtyard, the windows of the second looked out onto the shipyard. The largest room of the enfilade on the courtyard side was the Light Gallery. It was located in the central projection and had a length of 30, a width of 17 and a height of 7.5 meters. In the enfilade with windows overlooking the Admiralty there were rooms of equal size, named after the colors used in their design: Yellow, Blue, Red, Green Chambers. The most significant room of Anna Ioannovna’s Winter Palace was a huge one, with an area of ​​1000 square meters. m., Throne Hall. The Swedish scientist K.R. Berk, who lived in St. Petersburg in 1735-1737, wrote about him:

“The Great Hall is the most spacious I have ever seen, and is richly decorated with mirrors, artificial marble, as well as numerous gilded bas-reliefs and other decorations... The lampshade is covered with paintings on canvas - no doubt to speed up its creation, but it is unknown how long will it last. The painting was done by the court artist Caravac - a narcissistic Frenchman who criticizes everything, and almost no one praises his work. The subject in the middle of the ceiling is the accession of her majesty to the throne. Religion and Virtue present it to Russia, which, on its knees, greeting it, hands over her crown. The clergy and the kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, as well as many Tatar and Kalmyk peoples who recognize the power of Russia, stand nearby, expressing their joy. On four large picturesque images located around this middle one and descending to the cornice, many deeds are presented , capable of especially glorifying the reign of Anna Ioannovna, namely: the power of the empire, mercy towards criminals, high generosity and victory over enemies; on top, these words are also written [in addition to Latin] in Russian... Along all the edges of the ceiling painting there are many virtues carved in relief in stone. The throne, or seat of the imperial throne, is magnificent and raised several steps above the oak parquet floor. At the very top you can see the state emblem, and next to it lie Mars and Pallas. The sculpture in this and other places in the hall is nothing special, although the Swede who created it believes that he performed miracles; in any case, it is apparently better than others, for the creation of which, due to absurd haste, ship sculptors were actually used. However, the gilding here is much richer" [Quoted from: 5, m. 248, 249].

Anna Ioannovna's Winter Palace had its own theater, located in its southern part. It became the first court theater in Russia, designed in a European style. The hall was 27.5 meters long. There were 27 benches in the stalls, between which there were two passages. A large royal box was arranged in front of the middle benches. Along the perimeter of the hall there were 15 boxes decorated with light columns. Above them are two tiers, to which four staircases led. The decoration of the theater hall based on Rastrelli's drawing was done by the Italian Girolamo Bon. He also painted scenery and worked on theatrical machinery. The first rehearsal here took place on January 17, 1736, and the first performance three days later. During the performances, 40 soldiers were involved in moving the scenery. The theater's repertoire was determined personally by the empress.

In the Winter Palace of Anna Ioannovna, on July 2, 1739, the betrothal of Princess Anna Leopoldovna to Prince Anton-Ulrich took place. The young Emperor Ivan Antonovich was also brought here. He stayed here until November 25, 1741, when the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, took power into her own hands.

Elizaveta Petrovna wanted even greater luxury than her predecessor, and the next year she began to rebuild the imperial residence in her own way. Then she ordered to decorate for herself the rooms adjacent to the Light Gallery from the south. Next to her bedchamber were the “crimson cabinet” and the Amber cabinet, built in 1743-1744. Later, during the dismantling of the third Winter Palace, the amber panels will be transported to Tsarskoe Selo and will become part of the famous Amber Room. Since the dimensions of the cabinet were larger than the dimensions of the rooms where the panels were previously located (Royal Palace in Berlin, human chambers in the Summer Garden), Rastrelli placed 18 mirrors between them.

In 1745, the wedding of the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich, and Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (the future Catherine II) was celebrated here. The design of this holiday was done by the architect Rastrelli.

For the growing needs of the empress, more and more premises were required. In 1746, because of this, Rastrelli added an additional building on the Admiralty side, the main façade of which faced south. It was two-story, with a wooden upper floor, and the side façade faced the canal near the Admiralty. That is, the Winter House has become even closer to the shipyard. A year later, a chapel, soap house and other chambers were added to this building. The main goal of the new premises, even a year before their appearance, was to place a secluded corner for intimate meetings in the Winter House of the Hermitage. Two enfilades here led to a corner hall, in which there was a lifting table for 15 people. Elizaveta Petrovna implemented this idea before Catherine II. Historian Yu. M. Ovsyannikov claims that the new building was necessary for the newlyweds Pyotr Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Winter Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna

After the New Year's reception on January 1, 1752, the Empress decided to expand the Winter Palace. For this purpose, the neighboring plots of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky along the Palace Embankment were purchased. Rastrelli was preparing not to demolish the mansions of the associates of Peter I, but to redecorate them in the same style as the entire building. But in February of the following year, a decree from Elizabeth Petrovna followed:

"...With a new house from the river and the courtyard, there will be a lot of demolition and the construction of two outbuildings with stone buildings, so that the chief architect de Rastrelli should compose a project and drawings and submit them for the highest H.I.V. approval..."

Thus, Elizaveta Petrovna decided to demolish the houses of Raguzinsky and Yaguzhinsky and build new buildings in their place. And also build the southern and eastern buildings, enclosing the entire building in a square. Two thousand soldiers began construction work. They dismantled houses on the embankment. At the same time, laying the foundations of the southern building - the main facade of the new Winter Palace - began from the side of Admiralty Meadow. The premises in Apraksin’s former house were also rebuilt. They even removed the roof here to raise the ceilings. The Light Gallery and the Antechamber have undergone changes, and the theater and state rooms have been expanded. And in December 1753, Elizaveta Petrovna wished to increase the height of the Winter Palace from 14 to 22 meters...

At the beginning of January, all construction work was stopped. Rastrelli presented the new drawings to the Empress on the 22nd. Rastrelli proposed building the Winter Palace in a new location. But Elizaveta Petrovna refused to move her winter ceremonial residence. As a result, the architect decided to build the entire building anew, using only the old walls in some places. The new project was approved by decree of Elizabeth Petrovna on June 16, 1754:

“In St. Petersburg, our Winter Palace is not only for receiving foreign ministers and for performing festive rites at the Court on established days according to the greatness of Our Imperial dignity, but also for accommodating Us with the necessary servants and things cannot be satisfied, for which We have intended It is Our Winter Palace with a large space in length, width and height to rebuild; for which the reconstruction, according to the estimate, will require up to 990 thousand rubles, which amount, allocated for two years, is impossible to take from our salt money. For this we command Our Senate to find and Us imagine from what income such an amount of 430 and 450 thousand rubles per year can be taken for that business, counting from the beginning of this year 1754 and the next year 1755, and that this should be done immediately, so as not to miss the current winter route for preparing supplies for that building ".

On the same day, the “Office for the Construction of Her Imperial Majesty’s Winter House” was created to manage the construction, the head of which was Lieutenant General Vilim Vilimovich Fermor.

Initially, the Senate allocated 859,555 rubles 81 kopecks for the construction of the Winter Palace [ibid.]. They were found “from the lucrative tavern profits,” that is, from the profits received from the sale of vodka and wine. But this money was not enough. Therefore, on March 9, 1755, the Senate indicated:

"1) The rivers flowing into the Volkhov and the Ladoga Canal, as well as into the Neva River, Tosno, Miya and other rivers, along which anything can be obtained, should be given to the office of the office of buildings for three years, so that no forests or I didn’t procure any wood or stone there for any other work other than that office;
2) send masons, carpenters, joiners, foundry workers and other craftsmen to St. Petersburg for construction;
3) send 3,000 soldiers for the same purpose" [Quoted from: 6, p. 121].

In order for the masters to come to St. Petersburg, each of them was given three rubles, regardless of the distance. But upon arrival in the capital, they traded with them in such a way that the craftsmen had to agree to the employer’s conditions, since it was difficult to return home.

In November 1755, the production of sculptures began for installation on the balustrade of the roof of the Winter Palace. Their sketches were made by Rastrelli, and the models for translation into stone were made by carver Johann Franz Duncker. The stone sculptures were made under the direction of the master Johann Antoni Zwenhof and, after his death, by the sculptor Josef Baumchen.

According to the calculations of the Office of Buildings, the fourth Winter Palace should have been erected in three years. The first two were allocated for the construction of walls, and the third for finishing the premises. The Empress planned a housewarming party for the fall of 1756, the Senate expected three years of construction.

After the project was approved, Rastrelli did not make significant changes to it, but made adjustments to the internal relationships of the premises. He located the main halls on the second floor of the corner projections. The Grand Staircase was designed from the northeast, the Throne Hall from the northwest, the church from the southeast, and the theater from the southwest. They were connected by the Neva, western and southern suites of rooms. The architect allocated the first floor for office space, the third for maids of honor and other servants. The apartments of the head of state were arranged in the south-eastern corner of the Winter Palace; it is best illuminated by the sun. The halls of the Neva Enfilade were intended for receiving ambassadors and ceremonies.

Along with the creation of the Winter Palace, Rastrelli intended to redesign the entire Admiralty Meadow and create a single architectural ensemble here. But this was not implemented.

Few builders of the Winter Palace found housing in neighboring settlements. Most built huts for themselves right on Admiralteysky Meadow. Thousands of serfs were involved in the construction of the palace. Seeing workers flooding St. Petersburg, sellers raised food prices. The building office was forced to prepare food for the builders right here on the construction site. The cost of food was deducted from the salary. At the same time, the poorest builders of the Winter Palace were given sheepskin coats and boots and given various benefits. It often turned out that after such a deduction the worker was even in debt to the employer. According to an eyewitness:

“Soon, from climate change, lack of healthy food and bad clothing, various diseases appeared... Difficulties were renewed, and sometimes in a worse form due to the fact that in 1756 many masons walked around the world for non-payment of their earned money and even, as then they said they were dying of hunger" [Cit. from: 2, p. 343].

After the appointment of V.V. Fermor as commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1757, the post of construction manager was taken by the architect Yu.M. Felten.

Construction of the Winter Palace was delayed. In 1758, the Senate removed blacksmiths from the construction site, since there was no one to shackle the wheels of carts and cannons. At this time, Russia was at war with Prussia. There was a shortage of not only labor, but also finance.

“The situation of the workers... in 1759 presented a truly sad picture. The unrest continued throughout the construction period and began to subside only when some of the most important work ceased and several thousand people scattered to their own homes” [Cit. on 2, p. 344].

The main construction work was completed in the spring of 1761. Elizaveta Petrovna did not live to see the completion of construction; Peter III already took over the work. By this time, the decoration of the facades was completed, but many of the interior spaces were not yet ready. But the emperor was in a hurry. He entered the Winter Palace on Holy Saturday (the day before Easter) April 6, 1762. On the day of the move, Archbishop Dimitri consecrated the court cathedral church in the name of the Resurrection of the Lord, and a divine service was held.

Presumably, the architect S. I. Chevakinsky took part in the decoration of the chambers of Peter III and his wife. J. Shtelin noted:

“At this time, in the large hall of the new Winter Palace, more than 100 sculptors were engaged in carving doors, windows, panels and other work, which Messrs. Dunker, Stahlmeyer, Gille and others undertook to perform in harmony. For this they were given all the carvers from various Russian departments who were not "They received salaries there for this, but should have received it from the named contractors. But these measures were still not enough, since they could not begin the most important decoration of the largest hall due to too many works that needed to be done inside this large building." [Cit. to 5, p. 308].

At the solemn ceremony of consecrating the building, the architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli was awarded the Holstein Order and received the rank of major general. The process of decorating the building continued until 1767. The construction of the royal residence cost 2,622,020 rubles 19 kopecks.

The first floor of the Winter Palace was occupied by large vaulted galleries with arches that pierced all parts of the building. On the sides of the galleries there were service rooms where the servants lived and the guards rested. Warehouses and utility rooms were also located here.

According to Rastrelli's idea, the main halls of the Winter Palace were located in its corner volumes, as well as in the northern (Neva) and eastern enfilades. The north-eastern risalit was given over to the front Ambassadorial (later renamed Jordan) staircase, from which an enfilade of five approximately equal-sized Antechambers led west along the Neva. Having walked along them, one could get to the Throne Room, which used almost the entire volume of the northwestern risalit. The southwestern volume of the building was occupied by the Palace Theater, and the southeastern volume by the Court Church. The southern and western enfilades were distributed as living rooms for the imperial family.

Peter III attached great importance to the design of the Throne Room. It remained in the same place where Anna Ioannovna’s Throne Hall was, but increased significantly in size and occupied the entire volume of the northwestern risalit. Its width remained equal to 28 meters, and its length increased from 34 to 49 meters. None of the currently existing halls in the city are of this size. The emperor ordered the construction of a library on the mezzanine of the Winter Palace, for which four large rooms and two rooms were allocated for the librarian, who was then State Councilor Shtelin.

Peter III's apartments were located closer to Palace Square and Millionnaya Street, his wife settled in rooms closer to the Admiralty. Below him, on the first floor, Peter III settled his favorite Elizaveta Romanovna Vorontsova.

The building included about 1,500 rooms. The perimeter of its facades was about two kilometers. The Winter Palace became the tallest building in St. Petersburg. From 1844 to 1905, a decree of Nicholas I was in force in the city, limiting the height of private houses to one fathom below the eaves of the Winter Palace.

The cornice of the Winter Palace was decorated with 176 statues and vases. They were carved from Pudost limestone according to Rastrelli’s drawings by the German sculptor Baumchen. Later they were whitewashed.

From the side of the Palace Embankment, the Jordan entrance leads into the building, so named after the royal custom of leaving it on the feast of Epiphany to the ice hole cut opposite, in the Neva - “Jordan”.

There are three entrances to the palace from the southern facade. The one that is closer to the Admiralty - Her Imperial Majesty. From here there was the shortest path to the chambers of the empresses, as well as to the apartments of Paul I. Therefore, for some time it was called Pavlovsky, and before that - Theater, since it led to the home theater built by Catherine II. Closer to Millionnaya Street is the Commandant's Entrance, where the palace commandant's services were located. Rastrelli did not plan to close the passage to the courtyard with a gate. He remained free.

In the summer of 1762, Peter III was killed, the construction of the Winter Palace was completed under Catherine II. First of all, the empress removed Rastrelli from work, and Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy became the manager of the construction site. For Catherine II, the interior chambers of the palace were remodeled by the architect J. B. Vallin-Delamot. He knocked out some walls and put new ones in their place. The architect said about this: " I throw walls out the windows". At the same time, bay windows were created over the entrances of Her Imperial Majesty and the Commandant's, which were not in Rastrelli's project.

Especially for Catherine II, the palace temple was re-consecrated on July 12, 1763 by His Grace Gabriel in the name of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

Almost immediately after her accession to the throne, Catherine II ordered to expand the space of the palace through the construction of a new neighboring building - the Small Hermitage. There is no entrance from the street; the Small Hermitage can only be accessed through the Winter Palace. In its halls the Empress housed her richest collection of paintings, sculptures and objects of applied art. Later, the Great Hermitage and the Hermitage Theater were added to this single complex.

The Empress settled in the Winter Palace only two years after her coronation, in 1764. She occupied the rooms of her late husband in the southeastern part of the palace. Vorontsova's place was taken by Catherine's favorite Grigory Orlov.

On the side of Palace Square, under Catherine II, there was a Reception Room, where her throne stood. In front of the Reception there was a cavalier's room, where guards stood - cavaliers of the guard. Its windows overlook the balcony above the Commandant's entrance. From here one could get to the Diamond Room, where the Empress kept her jewelry. Behind the Diamond Room, closer to Millionnaya Street, there was a toilet room, then a bedroom and a boudoir. Behind the White Hall there was a dining room. The Bright Office was adjacent to it. The dining room was followed by the State Bedchamber, which a year later became the Diamond Chamber. In addition, the Empress ordered a library, an office, and a restroom to be built for herself. Under Catherine, a winter garden and the Romanov Gallery were built in the Winter Palace.

The winter garden occupied an area of ​​140 square meters. Exotic bushes and trees grew in it, flower beds and lawns were arranged here. The garden was decorated with sculpture. There was a fountain in the center. According to P. P. Svinin’s description, during the time of Catherine II, the Winter Garden looked like this:

“The winter garden occupies a significant quadrangular space and contains flowering bushes of laurel and orange trees, always fragrant, green even in severe frosts. Canaries, robins, siskins flutter from branch to branch and glorify their freedom with sweet, loud singing or casually splash in a jasper pool, which, under Empress Catherine, was filled with Portuguese goldfish..." [Cit. from: 3, p. 24, 25]

The first performance at the Palace Theater was given on December 14, 1763. Ballets, Italian operas, French and Russian tragedies and comedies were staged here. The first description of the Winter Palace theater was made by J. Shtelin in 1769:

“In the construction of this new theater, which was laid out by the chief architect Rastrelli during the reign of Empress Elizabeth and now had to be hastily completed, there was no lack of convenience, sufficient security and imperial splendor. Above the stalls in four tiers there were about 60 boxes, in addition to three special, extremely luxurious boxes equipped with cabinets for the Empress and the Grand Duke... But in front of the entire stalls and all the boxes, namely on the pediment of the stage, there was installed the dial of a large clock, illuminated from within, which showed the audience the hours and minutes, and during long-lasting performances saved them from the usual troubles often take out your pocket watch" [Cit. by: 5, p. 440].

I. Bernoulli described the theater in 1777 as follows:

“Although the theater itself is somewhat smaller than the opera house in Berlin and the proscenium is narrower, the stalls, on the contrary, seemed longer to me. The theater has four rows of boxes and is not very magnificent. The Empress has three seats: one is completely behind, opposite the stage, like the queen’s box in Berlin , one immediately behind the orchestra, like our king, and one above the proscenium for visiting incognito" [Ibid].

The court cathedral of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands was used during especially solemn occasions. In everyday life, the imperial family used the Small Court Church of the Presentation of the Lord, created in 1768, in the northwestern part of the palace.

At the request of Catherine II, the central entrance to the courtyard was blocked by pine gates in 1771. They were made in just 10 days according to the design of the architect Felten.

Since Catherine's time, cats have lived in the Winter Palace. The first of them were brought from Kazan. They protect the palace property from rats.

From the first years of her life in the Winter Palace, Catherine II created a specific schedule of events held here. Balls were held on Sundays, on Monday a French comedy was given, Tuesday was a day of rest, on Wednesday they played a Russian comedy, on Thursday a tragedy or French opera, followed by a traveling masquerade. On Friday, masquerades were given at court, on Saturday they rested.

In 1773, 20 rooms on the third floor of the western part of the Winter Palace were given to the teacher of the children of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich - Adjutant General Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov. Since then, the western entrance and staircase of the building began to be called Saltykovsky.

On September 29, 1773, the wedding of the future Emperor Paul I with Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy - Natalya Alekseevna) took place in the Winter Palace. After the wedding, the highest nobility gathered in the Throne Room, where the table was set. This was followed by a ball, which was opened by the newlyweds. However, Natalia's dress turned out to be so heavy due to the precious stones scattered across the sky that she was able to dance only a few minuets. While Natalya was being undressed, Pavel was having dinner in the next room with his mother.

In 1776, Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna died in the chambers of the Winter Palace during childbirth. The unborn child died with her.

Due to the growth of the imperial family, the space of the Palace Theater was divided into parts and given over to the living quarters of the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and his wife. In the western part of the Winter Palace, the architect Giacomo Quarenghi created rooms for their children.

On May 9, 1793, in the Great Cathedral Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, the ceremony of anointing Louise Maria Augusta of Baden, who became Elizaveta Petrovna in Orthodoxy, was held. The next day, her engagement to Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich took place. On September 28, in the same temple they were married. The newlyweds settled in the northwestern risalit of the Winter Palace. The interiors for them were designed by the architect I. E. Starov in 1793. From the Neva side a suite of Elizaveta Alekseevna’s rooms appeared. It included: Reception Room, First Living Room, Second Living Room, Bedchamber, Sofa Room or Mirror Room. A large dining room with windows onto the courtyard communicated with this enfilade. The windows overlooking the Admiralty overlooked Elizabeth Petrovna's Dressing Room, her Boudoir, Valet's Room and Alexander Pavlovich's Corner Office. On the side of the Saltykovsky entrance there were Alexander Pavlovich’s restroom and the Youngfer’s Chamber.

In 1791-1793, Quarenghi rebuilt the Neva Enfilade. The place of its five Antechambers was taken by the existing Antechamber, Nikolaevsky and Concert Halls.

In order to get to the Hermitage, visitors had to pass through the private chambers of Catherine II in the southeastern part of the Winter Palace. So that outsiders would not have to disturb the empress, by her decree a gallery-bridge was created between the palace and the Small Hermitage. Thus a new Throne Room appeared. It was opened on the day of St. George the Victorious, November 28, 1795 and named St. George. Its design was also done by Quarenghi. On the sides of the throne were installed two large statues of white marble supporting the shield, made by the sculptor Concesio Albani. The hall was illuminated by 28 carved gilded chandeliers, 16 candelabra and 50 bronze girondoles in the form of vases. The creation of the Great Throne Hall cost the treasury 782,556 rubles and 47.5 kopecks. Simultaneously with the Great Throne Hall, the adjacent Apollo Hall was created, through which it became possible to get to the gallery of the Small Hermitage.

St. George's Hall of the Winter Palace was created after the suppression of the Polish uprising, the capture of Warsaw and the third partition of Poland. At the same time, Suvorov brought a trophy to St. Petersburg - the throne of the Polish kings. Catherine II ordered it to be converted into a toilet seat and placed in the restroom. It was there that Catherine II suffered an apoplectic stroke, which brought her to the grave on November 5, 1796. The coffin with the body of the empress was displayed for farewell in the bedroom (third and fourth windows on the right, from the Palace Square).

Under Paul I, a memorial office for his father Peter III was created in the Diamond Room. Immediately after ascending the throne, he ordered the construction of a wooden bell tower for the palace Cathedral of the Holy Image of Our Savior, whose dome is clearly visible from Palace Square. The bell tower was built on the roof of the palace, west of the cathedral. In addition, a bell tower was also built for a small church. The rooms of the emperor’s children were then located on the site of the White Hall.

Instead of one Throne Hall, Paul I created two in the Winter Palace - for himself and for Empress Maria Feodorovna. They were located in the southern enfilade on the courtyard side. The emperor's personal chambers were located in the former rooms of Catherine II; his wife was given rooms in the southern enfilade on the side of Palace Square. Under Paul I, the new state halls - the Cavalry Guard (now Alexander) and the Throne Halls of the southern enfilade - were designed and decorated by the architect Vincenzo Brenna. After Paul I took the title of Grand Master of the Order of Malta in 1798, two rooms in the southeastern risalit were converted into the Cavalier Hall, where official receptions of the Maltese cavaliers were held, and the Maltese Throne Hall. The place of gilding on their walls was taken by silver cladding against a background of yellow velvet. The southern facade of the Winter Palace was decorated with the coat of arms of the Order of the Grand Master.

On February 1, 1801, Paul I and his family moved to the newly rebuilt Mikhailovsky Castle.

After the death of Paul I, his son Alexander returned the Winter Palace to the status of an imperial residence. The rooms of Alexander I and his wife remained in the northwestern risalit, where they were before the accession of Alexander Pavlovich to the throne. In the first years of the reign of the new emperor, all these premises were re-decorated by the architect Luigi Rusca. The bedrooms and restrooms of Alexander and Elizabeth began to be located next to each other, whereas previously they were separated by several rooms. In place of Elizaveta Alekseevna’s Bedchamber, her Study-Library appeared. The Bedchamber was moved to the former Dressing Room.

The widow of Paul I, Empress Maria Feodorovna, began to own a suite of rooms on the third floor on the side of Palace Square. But, having moved to Pavlovsk, she was here very rarely.

In 1817, Alexander I invited the architect Karl Rossi to work in the Winter Palace. He was entrusted with remodeling the rooms where the daughter of the Prussian king, Princess Caroline, the bride of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich (the future Nicholas I), would stay. In five months, Rossi remodeled ten rooms located along Palace Square: the Shpalernaya, the Large Dining Room, the Living Room...

In 1825, the courtyard of the Winter Palace was paved with cobblestones.

The next emperor, Nicholas I, settled in the Winter Palace with his family immediately after receiving news of the death of his elder brother. He moved here from Anichkov Palace. The royal family survived the uprising on December 14, 1825 in the Winter Palace.

Nicholas I chose rooms on the third floor of the northwestern risalit for his apartments. Elizabeth Alekseevna's rooms were occupied by his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Part of the premises on the first floor of the northwestern risalit was given to her beloved maid of honor and mentor, Madame Wildemeter. The living quarters of the new emperor and empress were decorated by the architect V.P. Stasov. He kept the layout, but changed the purpose of some rooms. The former Blue sofa of Elizaveta Alekseevna became the Large Study of Alexandra Feodorovna. Nearby are the Bedchamber and the Lavatory. On the Neva side there were the Reception Room and the First Living Room, the Second Living Room and the Library. The rooms of Alexander I were preserved by Nicholas I as memorial ones.

On the third floor, next to the rooms of Nicholas I, Stasov equipped the home of his younger brother Mikhail Pavlovich. The emperor's apartments consisted of a Secretary's room, a reception room, a corner living room, a green office and a boudoir. Painters F. Toricelli, G. Scotti, B. Medici, F. Brandukov and F. Brullo helped Stasov in decorating these rooms.

Even Alexander I planned to create the Gallery of 1812 in the Winter Palace. He learned about the creation of a “Hall of Waterloo Memory” at Windsor Castle with portraits of Napoleon’s victors. But the British won one battle, and the Russians won the whole war and entered Paris. To create a gallery, the English artist George Dow was invited to St. Petersburg, and was given a special room in the palace for his work. Young artists Alexander Polyakov and Vasily Golike were given to help him.

Alexander I was in no hurry to open the memorial hall. But Nicholas I, immediately after ascending the throne, hastened to open it. The architectural design of the hall was entrusted to the architect Carlo Rossi. To create it, he combined a suite of six rooms into one room. The project he created was approved on May 12, 1826. The 1812 gallery was opened on December 25, the fourteenth anniversary of the expulsion of the French army from Russia. At the time of opening, there were 236 portraits of participants in the Patriotic War hanging on the walls. Many years later there were 332 of them.

In early January 1827, Nicholas I entrusted Karl Rossi with remodeling the apartments of Empress Maria Feodorovna in the Winter Palace. The projects were ready by early March. But due to his own illness, the architect took six weeks off. Returning from a well-deserved rest, he learned that the work had been transferred to Auguste Montferrand.

On December 25, 1827, the solemn consecration of the Gallery took place, described in the journal "Domestic Notes":

“This gallery was consecrated in the presence of the imperial family and all the generals, officers and soldiers who had medals for 1812 and for the capture of Paris. The cavaliers of these foot guards were assembled in St. George's Hall, and the horse guards in Belaya... The Sovereign Emperor deigned to give directions to the places for storage in future... the banners of the Life Guards regiments. They are placed in both corners of the main entrance under the inscriptions of memorable places... on which they once fluttered with unwavering glory.
...All the lower ranks, gathered here, were admitted into the gallery, where they passed in front of the images... of Alexander and the generals - who led them repeatedly to the field of honor and victories, in front of the images of their valiant military leaders, who shared their labors and dangers with them.. "[Quoted from: 2, p. 489]

After the opening of the gallery, Carl Rossi designed the rooms around it. The architects planned the Antechamber, Armorial, Petrovsky and Field Marshal Halls. After 1833, these premises were completed by Auguste Montferrand.

From 1833 to 1845, the Winter Palace was equipped with an optical telegraph. For him, a telegraph tower was equipped on the roof of the building, which is still clearly visible today from the Palace Bridge. From here the tsar had connections with Kronstadt, Gatchina, Tsarskoe Selo and even Warsaw. The telegraph workers were housed in the room below it, in the attic.

On the evening of December 17, 1837, a fire started in the Winter Palace. They could not extinguish it for three days, all this time the property taken out of the palace was piled around the Alexander Column. It was impossible to see every little detail of all the things piled up on Palace Square. Here lay expensive furniture, porcelain, silverware. And despite the lack of adequate security, only a silver coffee pot and a gilded bracelet were missing. Thus, many things were saved. The coffee pot was discovered a few days later, and the bracelet was discovered in the spring, when the snow melted. The palace building was so damaged that it was considered almost impossible to restore it. All that remained of it were the stone walls and vaults of the first floor.

While saving the property, 13 soldiers and firefighters died.

On December 25, the Commission for the restoration of the Winter Palace was created. The restoration of the facades and decoration of the ceremonial interiors was entrusted to the architect V. P. Stasov. The personal chambers of the imperial family were entrusted to A.P. Bryullov. General supervision of the construction was carried out by A. Staubert.

The Frenchman A. de Custine wrote:

“Incredible, superhuman efforts were needed to complete the construction within the time appointed by the emperor. Work on the interior decoration continued in the most severe frosts. In total, there were six thousand workers at the construction site, many of whom died every day, but others were immediately brought in to replace these unfortunates, who, in turn, were destined to die soon. And the only purpose of these countless victims was to fulfill the royal whim...
In severe frosts of 25-30 degrees, six thousand unknown martyrs, unrewarded in any way, forced against their will only by obedience, which is the innate, forcefully instilled virtue of the Russians, were locked in the palace halls, where the temperature, due to the increased furnace for speedy drying, reached 30 degrees. . And the unfortunate ones, entering and leaving this palace of death, which, thanks to their sacrifices, was supposed to turn into a palace of vanity, splendor and pleasure, experienced a temperature difference of 50-60 degrees.
Work in the mines of the Urals was much less dangerous for human life, and yet the workers involved in the construction of the palace were not criminals, like those who were sent to the mines. I was told that the unfortunate people who worked in the most heated halls had to put some kind of ice caps on their heads in order to be able to withstand this monstrous heat without losing consciousness and the ability to continue their work..." [Quoted from: 2, p. 554]

For a long time it was believed that after the fire, the facades of the Winter Palace were recreated exactly the same as they were intended by Rastrelli. But in the article “Why Rastrelli was corrected,” historian Z. F. Semyonova described in detail the changes made and pointed out their reasons. It turned out that the northern façade of the building had been significantly altered. The semicircular pediments were replaced with triangular ones, and the design of the stucco decorations changed. The number of columns has increased, which are spaced evenly in each pier. Such rhythmicity and orderliness of the columns is not characteristic of Rastrelli’s Baroque style.

Particularly indicative are the changes in the design of the Jordan entrance. The absence of bending of the entablature, which is replaced by supporting beams and load-bearing columns, is clearly visible here. In his practice, Rastrelli never used such a technique.

The “corrections” in the style of the author of the Winter Palace are associated primarily with a different understanding of the architecture of Russian architects of the mid-19th century. They perceived Baroque as bad taste, diligently correcting it into the correct classical forms.

The wooden bell towers built under Paul I were not recreated.

The design of the interiors of the Winter Palace after the fire was very typical for the late 1830s, when classicism gave way to eclecticism. The main ceremonial interiors have retained the same style solutions. Thus, Nicholas I ordered the front (Jordanian) staircase " resume completely as before", but at the same time " replace the upper columns with marble or granite". In the storerooms of the Winter Palace, ready-made columns made of polished dark Serdobol granite were found - they decorated the Jordan Staircase. The floor and steps were recreated from white Carrara marble, and a balustrade was made from it. In place of the small halls adjacent to the Neva Enfilade, Stasov created narrow galleries-corridors, and in the central part there is a Winter Garden with an area of ​​​​about 140 square meters with a glazed ceiling.

The gallery of 1812 by Stasov was recreated with changes. He increased its length and removed the arches dividing the room into three parts.

The same volumes of the building in which the personal chambers of the imperial family were located were radically redesigned. Architect A.P. Bryullov carried out their redevelopment, significantly improving the functioning of the Winter Palace as apartments for the Tsar and his large family. The interiors created by Bryullov received various style solutions. The architect used techniques of neo-Renaissance, neo-Greek, Pompeian, Moorish, and Gothic styles.

The layout of the building, created at that time, was preserved almost unchanged until 1917.

The celebration of the restoration of the Winter Palace took place in March 1839. A. de Custine visited the restored Winter Palace:

“It was an extravaganza... The shine of the main gallery in the Winter Palace positively dazzled me. It was all covered in gold, whereas before the fire it was painted white... The gallery seemed even more worthy of surprise than the sparkling golden dance hall where dinner was served." [Cit. from: 3, p. 36]

Due to the fire, the statues on the roof of the Winter Palace cracked and began to crumble. In 1840 they were restored under the direction of the sculptor V. Demut-Malinovsky.

On the ground floor, mezzanines were built along the entire eastern gallery, separated by brick walls. The corridor that formed between them began to be called the kitchen corridor.

The gates blocking the entrance to the courtyard were also restored. They exactly repeated the appearance of the gate created by Felten.

Catherine's rooms under Nicholas I began to be called "Prussian-royal". The Emperor's son-in-law, the Prussian King Frederick William IV, used to stay here. After the fire, the former rooms of Maria Feodorovna became the Russian Department of the Hermitage, and after the construction of the New Hermitage building - a hotel for high-ranking persons. They were called the "Second Spare Half".

In general, “halves” in the Winter Palace were called a system of rooms for the residence of one person. Typically these rooms were grouped on one floor around a staircase. For example, the emperor's apartments were on the third floor, and the empress's on the second. They were united by a common staircase. The room system included everything necessary for a luxurious life. Thus, half of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna included the Malachite, Pink and Crimson living rooms, the Arab, Pompeian and Great dining rooms, an office, a bedroom, a boudoir, a garden, a bathroom and a pantry, a Diamond and a Passage room. The first six rooms were the state rooms in which the Empress received guests.

In addition to the halves of Nicholas I and his wife, in the Winter Palace there were halves of the heir, grand dukes, grand duchesses, the minister of the court, the first and second reserve for the temporary stay of the highest persons and members of the imperial family. As the number of Romanov family members increased, the number of spare halves also increased. At the beginning of the 20th century there were seven of them.

The central part of the second floor of the facade of the Winter Palace from Palace Square is occupied by the Alexander Hall. To his left is the White Hall, recreated by the architect Bryullov on the site of the rooms of the children of Paul I. After the marriage of the heir to the throne (the future Alexander II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (called Maria Alexandrovna in Orthodoxy) in 1841, he became part of it apartments Maria Alexandrovna owned seven more rooms, including the Golden Living Room, the windows of which overlooked Palace Square and the Admiralty. The White Hall was used for receptions. Here tables were set and dances were held.

Having ascended the throne in 1856, Alexander II reserved the rooms in which he lived with his wife after their marriage. The interiors for the imperial couple were restored by the architects A. P. Bryullov, A. I. Stackenschneider, G. E. Bosse. In the northwestern risalit, an apartment was created for the younger brother of Alexander II, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Before his marriage to Princess Alexandra Frederica Wilhelmina of Oldenburg (who became Alexandra Petrovna in Russia), the apartment was decorated by the architect Andrei Ivanovich Stackenschneider. These works were carried out around the clock and involved up to 200 people.

The apartments of Alexander II consisted of an Entrance Hall, a Hall, a Study Room (on February 19, 1861, the Manifesto on the Abolition of Serfdom was signed in it), a study-bedroom, a room for orderlies and a Library.

In the 1860s, the entrance gate became very dilapidated. They decided to replace them, the architect Andrei Ivanovich Stackenschneider proposed a project for cast iron gates. But this project was not implemented.

In 1869, gas lighting appeared in the palace instead of candlelight.

The Winter Palace became the site of an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander II. Terrorist Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin planned to blow up the Tsar while he was having breakfast in the Yellow Drawing Room. To do this, Khalturin got a job as a carpenter in the palace and settled in a small room near the carpentry shop. This room was located on the ground floor, above which the palace guard guardhouse was located. Above the guardhouse was the Yellow Living Room. Khalturin planned to blow it up using dynamite, which he carried piece by piece into his room. According to his calculations, the force of the explosion should have been enough to destroy the ceilings of two floors and kill the emperor. The explosive device was detonated on February 5, 1880, at 20 minutes past seven in the morning. The royal family was delayed; by the time of the explosion they did not even have time to reach the Yellow Drawing Room. But the Life Guardsmen of the Finnish Regiment who were in the guardhouse suffered. 11 people were killed, 47 were injured.

Since 1882, the installation of telephones in premises began. In the 1880s, a water supply system was built here (before that, everyone used washstands). At Christmas 1884-1885, electric lighting was tested in the halls of the Winter Palace; from 1888, gas lighting was gradually replaced by electric lighting. For this purpose, a power plant was built in the second hall of the Hermitage, which for 15 years was the largest in Europe.

After the death of Alexander II in 1881, the attitude of the royal family towards the Winter Palace changed. Before this tragedy, it was perceived by the emperors as a home, as a place where it was safe. But Alexander III treated the Winter Palace differently. Here he saw his mortally wounded father. The emperor also remembered the explosion of 1880, which means he did not feel safe here. In addition, the huge Winter Palace no longer met the requirements for comfortable housing at the end of the 19th century. Gradually, the imperial residence became only a place for official receptions, while the royal family more often spent time in other places, in the suburbs of St. Petersburg.

Alexander III made Anichkov Palace his official residence in St. Petersburg. The state rooms of the Winter Palace were open to him for excursions, which were arranged for high school students and students. Balls under Alexander III were not held here. This tradition was resumed by Nicholas II, but the rules for conducting them were changed.

In 1884, the architect Nikolai Gornostaev began designing the new gates of the Winter Palace. He took Stackenschneider's project as a basis. He developed projects for both the entrance gates and the fence for the ramps leading to the Commandant, Her Imperial Majesty and His Imperial Majesty, the Front (in the courtyard) entrances. One of the projects was approved, but it was carried out by the owner of the furniture company, artist Roman Meltzer. This became his first major work. Meltzer slightly reworked Gornostaev’s project, presenting not only the drawings, but also a life-size wooden model for consideration to the highest officials. After their approval, the gates and fences were manufactured at the San Galli iron foundry.

At the end of the 1880s, the architect Gornostaev landscaped the courtyard of the Winter Palace. A garden was created in its central part, where oaks, lindens, maples and white American ash were planted. The garden was surrounded by a granite plinth, and a fountain was installed in its center.

One day, a fragment of one of the figures on the roof of the Winter Palace fell in front of the windows of the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. The statues were removed, and in the 1890s they were replaced by copper figures under the models of the sculptor N.P. Popov. Of the 102 original figures, only 27 were recreated, copying them three times. All vases were repeated from one single model. In 1910, the remains of the original sculptures were found during the construction of a residential building on the corner of Zagorodny Prospekt and Bolshoi Kazachy Lane. The heads of the statues are now kept in the Russian Museum.

On November 14, 1894, the wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna took place in the Court Cathedral of the Savior Not Made by Hands, seven days after the funeral of Alexander III. A week after the wedding, the new emperor decided to once again make the Winter Palace the permanent residence of the Russian Tsar. The personal chambers of the imperial couple were created in the former rooms of Nicholas I and his wife - on the second floor of the northwestern risalit, with the exception of the Arab dining room, the Rotunda and the Malachite living room. Projects for new interiors were developed by academicians of architecture M. E. Mesmacher, D. A. Kryzhanovsky and A. F. Krasovsky. Carpentry and artistic work was carried out by the furniture and parquet factories of F. F. Meltser and N. F. Svirsky. The decoration of the rooms was completed in November 1895. For Nicholas II, the following were created: Adjutant Room, Billiard Room, Library, Passage Room, Bathroom with Swimming Pool, Office and Lavatory. For Alexandra Feodorovna: Small dining room, Malachite living room, First and Second living rooms, Corner office and bedroom. For the first time in the Winter Palace, elements of the Art Nouveau style were used in the rooms of Nicholas II. The move of the imperial family from the Alexander Palace to the Winter Palace took place on December 30, 1895.

Nicholas II's working day was spent in his office. Here he received visitors, listened to reports and signed documents. He did not have a secretary, because he did not want a stranger to influence his train of thought. The emperor spent the evening hours in the Library with the empress. This is one of the few premises that have preserved its interiors to this day. Its decoration was carried out by the architect Alexander Fedorovich Krasovsky. Here, by the burning fireplace, the couple talked and read out loud to each other.

In January, one large and two or three small balls were held at the Winter Palace. Up to 5,000 people were invited to the big ball, the convention was scheduled for 9 pm, and the event ended at about 2 am. 800 - 1,000 people took part in small balls.

On July 30, 1904, the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, was born. It soon became clear that he had inherited an incurable disease from his ancestors - hemophilia. After the diagnosis was made, the imperial family decided to move back to the Alexander Palace of Tsarskoye Selo in order to hide their grief from prying eyes. The Winter Palace remained the place for ceremonial receptions, state dinners, and the place where the Tsar stayed during short visits to the city. Balls were no longer held here.

One of the last celebrations held in the Winter Palace under Nicholas II was the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov. Festive events were held from February 19 to 25, 1913.

During the First World War (October 5, 1915), the building was given over to an infirmary, named after the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. An operating room, therapeutic room, examination room and other services were opened in the Winter Palace. The armorial hall became a ward for the wounded. They were looked after by Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the Tsar's eldest daughters, and court ladies.

In the summer of 1917, the Winter Palace became the meeting place of the Provisional Government, which had previously been located in the Mariinsky Palace. In July, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky became chairman of the Provisional Government. It was located in the chambers of Alexander III - in the northwestern part of the palace, on the third floor, with windows overlooking the Admiralty and the Neva. The provisional government was located in the chambers of Nicholas II and his wife - on the second floor, under the apartments of Alexander III. The meeting room became the Malachite Living Room.

The jewelry stored in the Winter Palace was looted even before the October coup. This was facilitated by the work of a hospital here, various public organizations, and the deployment of military units guarding the Provisional Government. Door decorations and a significant part of the candelabra were stolen, marble statues in the White Hall were damaged, furniture was damaged, and portraits were torn by bayonets. In this regard, it was decided to transfer most of the valuables from the Winter Palace to Moscow. At the same time, on August 25, 1917, preparations began for the evacuation of the Hermitage collections to Moscow.

Before the First World War, the Winter Palace was repainted red-brick. It was against this background that the revolutionary events took place on Palace Square in 1917. On the morning of October 25, Kerensky left the Winter Palace to join the troops outside Petrograd. On the night of October 25-26, a detachment of sailors and Red Army soldiers entered the building through the entrance of Her Imperial Majesty. On October 26, 1917, at 1:50 a.m., the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested in the Winter Palace. Subsequently, this entrance to the palace, as well as the staircase behind it, was called October.

Winter Palace after 1917, State Hermitage Museum

On the night of October 25-26, 1917, many rooms of the Winter Palace were destroyed. With particular frenzy, the pogromists destroyed the personal chambers of Nicholas II. On October 27, by decision of the newly created Council of People's Commissars, the hospital in the Winter Palace was closed.

Before the Bolshevik Revolution, the semi-basement floor of the Winter Palace was occupied by a wine cellar. Centuries-old cognacs, Spanish, Portuguese, Hungarian and other wines were stored here. According to the City Duma, a fifth of the total supply of alcohol in St. Petersburg was stored in the basements of the Winter Palace. On November 3, 1917, when wine pogroms began in the city, the storage facilities of the former royal residence were also damaged. From the memoirs of Larisa Reisner about the events in the cellars of the Winter Palace:

“They were filled with firewood, walled up first in one brick, then in two bricks - nothing helps. Every night they make a hole somewhere and suck, lick, pull out what they can. Some kind of mad, naked, impudent voluptuousness draws them to the forbidden wall one crowd after another. With tears in his eyes, Sergeant Major Krivoruchenko, who was assigned to protect the ill-fated barrels, told me about the despair, about the complete powerlessness that he experienced at night, defending alone, sober, with his few guards against the persistent, all-pervasive lust of the crowd. Now they have decided this: a machine gun will be inserted into each new hole."

But that didn't help either. In the end, it was decided to destroy the wine on the spot:

"...Then they called the firemen. They turned on the machines, pumped the basements full of water and let everything be pumped out into the Neva. Muddy streams flowed from the Winter Palace: there was wine, water, and dirt - everything was mixed up... This story dragged on for a day or two "So far there is nothing left of the wine cellars in Zimny."

Against the background of widespread renaming of streets, squares, former royal and princely residences, a new name appeared for the Winter Palace, which became the Palace of Arts.

In 1922, the “Museum of the Revolution” was organized in the Winter Palace. Three floors of the western half of the building were allocated for it, including the Nikolaevsky and Concert Halls, the Antechamber and 27 rooms with partially preserved pre-revolutionary decoration. The created exhibition was called "Historical rooms of Emperors Alexander II and Nicholas II." Other state rooms of the Winter Palace were transferred to the Hermitage. V.V. Shulgin, who visited the Museum of the Revolution in 1925, wrote:

“We entered the Winter Palace. Downstairs it was cold, uncomfortable, not heated. We took tickets to the “Museum of the Revolution.” We climbed some, apparently service, stairs and entered the hall, where, freezing in boots and felt boots, some people were dozing "watchwomen". More and more photographs. February days, February newspapers, various members of the Duma, Rodzianko, Kerensky. All this was collected conscientiously, but boringly...
...the rooms, which indicated the modest personal life of the sovereigns and especially the empresses, created some sensation among the handful of people surrounding us. This is not what we expected...
There are no particularly valuable things in the chambers of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna: all these are intimate things that were of value only for themselves. The quills and pens with which Nicholas II wrote have been preserved here; this is Alexandra Fedorovna’s pad. This is a collection of Easter eggs that they received as a gift...
As we passed by the bathing pool, the only luxury that the late Emperor seemed to allow himself, my companion showed me a spiral staircase running upward, and remarked in my ear: “There is a room where that scoundrel, Sashka Kerensky, lived "" [Quoted from: 6, pp. 245, 246].

In addition to the Museum of the Revolution, the premises of the Winter Palace were occupied, successively, by a variety of institutions: the bodies of the Congress of Committees of the Poor Peasants of the Northern Region and the Congress of Working Women of the Northern Region. The former maid of honor's rooms were occupied by a dormitory for children's preschool colonies. Thus, on the third floor there was a colony of street children. The headquarters of the October and May Day celebrations worked on the second floor. In some of the main halls (including Georgievsky) exhibitions of the Department of Public Education of the People's Commissariat for Education were held, concerts and performances were held in the Armorial Hall, a cinema was equipped in Nikolaevsky for some time, and later party meetings and rallies of the Central City District of Petrograd began to be held. The former chief marshal's premises were occupied by a club and a children's canteen. The stables and adjacent outbuildings began to serve as warehouses for children's colonies for street children, both the one located in the Winter Palace and those located in the Tsarskoye Selo palaces.

The huge number of people wishing to get acquainted with the former personal chambers of the royal family and their completely different reaction to what they saw than what was expected by the authorities led to the closure of the Museum of the Revolution. On August 1, 1926, the personal rooms of Alexander II and Nicholas II were transferred to the Hermitage.

The Winter Palace has been rebuilt to meet the needs of the museum since 1927, and especially actively in the early 1930s. Then the bay windows above the entrances from Palace Square were dismantled. In 1927, during the restoration of the facade, 13 layers of different paints were discovered. Then the walls of the Winter Palace were repainted gray-green, the columns white, and the stucco almost black. At the same time, the mezzanines and partitions of the eastern gallery of the first floor were dismantled. It was called the Rastrelli Gallery.

On August 31, 1932, the Lenin Komsomol Museum was opened in the Winter Palace, the entrance to which was through the Oktyabrsky entrance from Palace Square. By 1938, almost all the premises were transferred to museum purposes.

During the blockade, in the spring of 1942, a vegetable garden was built in the courtyard garden of the Winter Palace. Potatoes, rutabaga, and beets were planted here. There was a similar vegetable garden in the Hanging Garden.

The last historical rooms of the imperial residence that retained their furnishings were converted for museum purposes in 1946. In 1955, P. Ya. Kann provided the following information about the palace: it had 1050 front and living rooms, 1945 windows, 1786 doors, 117 staircases.

Currently, the Winter Palace, together with the Hermitage Theatre, Small, New and Large Hermitages, forms a single complex “State Hermitage”. Its semi-basement floor is occupied by museum production workshops.